Characterization of an Immune-Enhancing Polysaccharide Fraction Isolated from Heat-Processed Ginseng Derived from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer
Source abstract
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (ginseng) has shown immune-enhancing activity in many studies. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the chemical properties of a polysaccharide fraction (SGP) purified from heat- processed ginseng and to evaluate its immune-enhancing activity using RAW264.7 macrophages. The results showed that SGP increased inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages. In addition, SGP increased mRNA expression and secretion of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Immunoblotting results showed that SGP increased the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB subunit p65 at 500 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL. Taken together, SGP can activate macrophages through the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, and it may help maintain homeostasis during viral and bacterial infections.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications · Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls · Pharmacological Effects of Natural Compounds
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
Funding
This research was funded by the Gachon University research fund of 2019
References (37)
Show source-provided references
1. Modulation of immunological activity on macrophages induced by diazinon10.1016/j.tox.2017.01.014 ↗
2. Macrophages: Development and tissue specialization10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112220 ↗
3. Alternative activation of macrophages10.1038/nri978 ↗
4. Merecz-Sadowska, A., Sitarek, P., Śliwiński, T., and Zajdel, R. (2020). Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Extracts and Pure Compounds Derived from Plants via Modulation of Signaling Pathways, Especially PI3K/AKT in Macrophages. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.10.3390/ijms21249605 ↗
5. Suppression of activation and induction of apoptosis in RAW264. 7 cells by amniotic membrane extract10.1167/iovs.08-1781 ↗
6. Mycobacteria directly induce cytoskeletal rearrangements for macrophage spreading and polarization through TLR2-dependent PI3K signaling10.1189/jlb.0106066 ↗
7. Hirayama, D., Iida, T., and Nakase, H. (2018). The phagocytic function of macrophage-enforcing innate immunity and tissue homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.10.3390/ijms19010092 ↗
8. The control of adaptive immune responses by the innate immune system10.1016/B978-0-12-387664-5.00003-0 ↗
9. Differential contribution of possible pattern-recognition receptors to advanced glycation end product–induced cellular responses in macrophage-like RAW264. 7 cells10.1002/bab.1843 ↗
10. Characterization of polysaccharide from Astragalus radix as the macrophage stimulator10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.07.011 ↗
11. An immunomodulatory polysaccharide from blackberry seeds and its action on RAW 264.7 cells via activation of NF-kB/MAPK pathways10.1080/09540105.2020.1747407 ↗
12. p38 MAPK and NF-kB collaborate to induce interleukin-6 gene expression and release: Evidence for a cytoprotective autocrine signaling pathway in a cardiac myocyte model system10.1074/jbc.M909695199 ↗
13. Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng10.1016/S0304-3835(99)00369-9 ↗
14. Ginsenoside Rh4, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng10.1055/s-2006-957816 ↗
15. Effects of Korean red ginseng on human gray matter volume and cognitive function: A voxel-based morphometry study10.1002/hup.2767 ↗
16. Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of Korean Panax ginseng CA Meyer10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00869.x ↗
17. Therapeutic potential of 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rg3 against streptozotocin-induced diabetic renal damage in rats10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.077 ↗
18. Simultaneous quantification of 19 ginsenosides in black ginseng developed from Panax ginseng by HPLC–ELSD10.1016/j.jpba.2009.03.025 ↗
19. Peyer’s patch-mediated intestinal immune system modulating activity of pectic-type polysaccharide from peel of Citrus unshiu10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.091 ↗
20. A pharmacological review on Portulaca oleracea L.: Focusing on anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, immuno-modulatory and antitumor activities10.3831/KPI.2019.22.001 ↗
21. Park, D.H., Han, B., Shin, M.-S., and Hwang, G.S. (2020). Enhanced Intestinal Immune Response in Mice after Oral Administration of Korea Red Ginseng-Derived Polysaccharide. Polymers, 12.10.3390/polym12102186 ↗
22. Stimulation of innate immune function by Panax ginseng after heat processing10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00152 ↗
23. α-Amylase-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Panax ginseng10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.025 ↗
24. Fabrication of fluorescent labeled ginseng polysaccharide nanoparticles for bioimaging and their immunomodulatory activity on macrophage cell lines10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.050 ↗
25. Carbohydrate analysis by a phenol–sulfuric acid method in microplate format10.1016/j.ab.2004.12.001 ↗
26. A microtiter plate assay for the determination of uronic acids10.1006/abio.1997.2538 ↗
27. Rapid determination of the monosaccharide composition and contents in tea polysaccharides from Yingshuang green tea by pre-column derivatization HPLC10.1155/2016/6065813 ↗
28. Measurement of nitric oxide production in biological systems by using Griess reaction assay10.3390/s30800276 ↗
29. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT method10.1006/meth.2001.1262 ↗
30. Ren, Y., Bai, Y., Zhang, Z., Cai, W., and Del Rio Flores, A. (2019). The preparation and structure analysis methods of natural polysaccharides of plants and fungi: A review of recent development. Molecules, 24.10.3390/molecules24173122 ↗
31. Radioprotective effects of an acidic polysaccharide of Panax ginseng on bone marrow cells10.4142/jvs.2007.8.1.39 ↗
32. Study on antitumor and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharide fractions from Panax ginseng: Comparison of effects of neutral and acidic polysaccharide fraction10.1007/BF02858168 ↗
33. Differential regulation and properties of MAPKs10.1038/sj.onc.1210392 ↗
34. Phosphorylation of NF-kB and IκB proteins: Implications in cancer and inflammation10.1016/j.tibs.2004.11.009 ↗
35. Characterization of immunostimulatory pectic polysaccharide isolated from leaves of Diospyros kaki Thumb. (Persimmon)10.1016/j.jff.2016.07.025 ↗
36. Polysaccharides fractionated from enzyme digests of Korean red ginseng water extracts enhance the immunostimulatory activity10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.127 ↗
37. Macrophage immunomoduation and therapeutic potential10.1016/j.intimp.2005.10.005 ↗