Effect of Ti-B Grain Refiners on Wear and Corrosion of the A332 Alloy with Sr Modification
Source abstract
Abstract
Grain refiners play a critical role in changing characteristics and properties of casting aluminum alloys. The Al-Si alloy (A332) is one of the most popular hypoeutectic alloys with a large range of industrial applications. It has a varied phase and morphology; however, it features problems with acicular-shaped eutectic phase, and generally exhibits dendritic cast grain type. To change this situation, the Sr element acts as a modifier of eutectic, which, along with a grain refiner may increase mechanical properties. In this work, two different grain refiners (Al5Ti1B, Al5Ti2B) were applied to the A332 alloy modified with Sr, and analyzed in relation to grain size, hardness, corrosion resistance, and wear behavior. Corrosion tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, nanoindentations, and Heyn’s method to analyze grain size and microhardness as optical and SEM images were made to examine the changes caused by grain refiners. A reduction in grain size was achieved, and the influence in size and hardness of the β-Fe phase was verified in the wear and corrosion analyses.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Properties · Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Microstructure and mechanical properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Ponta Grossa 84017-220, Brazil
Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University Montreal, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Rioja, 26004 Logroño, Spain
Funding
Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel—Brazil (CAPES)
References (51)
Show source-provided references
1. Study on the Grain Refinement of A356 Alloy by Al–3 Wt-% VN Master Alloy10.1080/02670836.2020.1743925 ↗
2. Effects of T6 Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Tensile Properties, and Fracture Behavior of the Modified A356 Alloys10.1016/j.matdes.2011.11.018 ↗
3. Effects of Boron on Eutectic Modification of Hypoeutectic Al–Si Alloys10.1016/S1359-6462(02)00381-0 ↗
4. Effect of Sr Addition on the Microstructure and Properties of the A356 Al Alloy10.17222/mit.2020.038 ↗
5. Effect of Grain Refiners and/or Modifiers on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si Alloy (Lm6)10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.969.794 ↗
6. Influence of Melt Superheat, Sr Modifier, and Al-5Ti-1B Grain Refiner on Microstructural Evolution of Secondary Al-Si-Cu Alloys10.1007/s11661-016-3716-z ↗
7. Effect of Grain Refiner on the Tensile and Impact Properties of Al–Si–Mg Cast Alloys10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.058 ↗
8. The Hall–Petch Relation in Aluminium and Its Dependence on the Grain Boundary Structure10.1080/01418618608242849 ↗
9. Influence of Grain Refinement on the Corrosion Behavior of Metallic Materials: A Review10.1007/s12613-021-2308-0 ↗
10. The Grain Refinement of 6063 Aluminum Using Al-5Ti-1B and Al-3Ti-0.15C Grain Refiners10.1007/s11837-004-0255-7 ↗
11. The Impact of Al-Ti-B Grain-Refiners from Different Manufacturers on Wrought Al-Alloy
12. Gyarmati, G., Bogoly, L., Stawarz, M., Fegyverneki, G., Kéri, Z., Tokár, M., and Mende, T. (2022). Grain Refiner Settling and Its Effect on the Melt Quality of Aluminum Casting Alloys. Materials, 15.10.3390/ma15217679 ↗
13. Fading Mechanism of Grain Refinement of Aluminum–Silicon Alloy with Al–Ti–B Grain Refiners10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00751-7 ↗
14. Effect of Grain Refiner on Microstructural Feature Influence Hardness and Tensile Properties of Al-7Si Alloy10.1007/s11665-021-06413-9 ↗
15. The Effect of Modification and Grain Refining on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of A356 Alloy10.12693/APhysPolA.131.89 ↗
16. Investigation of the Effect of the Addition of Grain Refiner and Modifier Addition on Wear Properties in Sand and Permanent Mould Casting of A357 and A380 Aluminium Alloys10.1080/13640461.2022.2069912 ↗
17. Influence of Grain Refiner, Modifier and Graphene on the Dry Sliding Wear of Hypereutectic Al–Si Alloys10.1007/s13632-022-00849-8 ↗
18. Effect of Grain Size on Corrosion: A Review10.5006/1.3462912 ↗
19. Development of Al-Mg-Si Alloy Performance by Addition of Grain Refiner Al-5Ti-1B Alloy
20. A Review on Grain Refinement of Aluminum Alloys: Progresses, Challenges and Prospects10.1007/s40195-017-0565-8 ↗
21. (2013). StandardTest Methods for Determining Average Grain Size (Standard No. ASTM E112).
22. Vargova, M., Tavodova, M., Monkova, K., and Dzupon, M. (2022). Research of Resistance of Selected Materials to Abrasive Wear to Increase the Ploughshare Lifetime. Metals, 12.10.3390/met12060940 ↗
23. (2009). Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements (Standard No. ASTM G59).
24. (1989). Standard Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Related Information from Electrochemical Measurements (Standard No. ASTM G102).
25. (2004). Standard Reference Test Method for Making Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements (Standard No. ASTM G5).
26. Influence of Process Parameters and Sr Addition on the Microstructure and Casting Defects of LPDC A356 Alloy for Engine Blocks10.1016/j.jmst.2016.03.010 ↗
27. El-Sayed, M.A. (2016). The Behaviour of Bifilm Defects in Cast Al-7Si-Mg Alloy. PLoS ONE, 11.10.1371/journal.pone.0160633 ↗
28. As-Cast Morphology of Iron-Intermetallics in Al-Si Foundry Alloys10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.06.028 ↗
29. Influence of Sr Modification and Ti Grain Refinement on the Morphology of Fe-Rich Precipitates in Eutectic Al-Si Die Cast Alloys10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.01.029 ↗
30. Effect of Fe-Rich Intermetallics on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thixoformed A380 Aluminum Alloy
31. Dry-Sliding Wear and Hardness of Thick Electrical Discharge Coatings and Laser Clads10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106392 ↗
32. Wear, Erosion and Corrosion Resistance of HVOF-Sprayed WC and Cr3C2 Based Coatings for Electrolytic Hard Chrome Replacement10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.03.010 ↗
33. Szala, M., Walczak, M., Pasierbiewicz, K., and Kamiński, M. (2019). Cavitation Erosion and Sliding Wear Mechanisms of AlTiN and TiAlN Films Deposited on Stainless Steel Substrate. Coatings, 9.10.20944/preprints201904.0228.v1 ↗
34. Slurry Erosion Resistance of Thermally Sprayed Nb2O5 and Nb2O5+WC12Co Composite Coatings Deposited on AISI 1020 Carbon Steel10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.07.264 ↗
35. Effect of Iron-Rich Intermetallics on the Sliding Wear Behavior of Al-Si Alloys10.1016/j.msea.2008.01.001 ↗
36. Behavior of Boron in Molten Aluminum and Its Grain Refinement Mechanism10.1007/s11661-012-1388-x ↗
37. Effect of Trace Boron on Grain Refinement of Commercially Pure Aluminum by Al–5Ti–1B10.1016/S1003-6326(22)65855-2 ↗
38. Influence of Si and Fe on the Grain Refinement of Aluminium10.1515/ijmr-1994-851108 ↗
39. Efficacy of Borides in Grain Refining Al-Si Alloys10.1007/s11661-018-5017-1 ↗
40. Influence of the Deposition Parameters on the Tribological Behavior of Cold Gas Sprayed FeMnCrSi Alloy Coatings10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127888 ↗
41. The Effect of Al-8B Grain Refiner and Heat Treatment Conditions on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of an Al-12Zn-3Mg-2.5Cu Aluminum Alloy10.1016/j.matdes.2012.02.008 ↗
42. Investigation of the Effect of Al-5Ti-1B Grain Refiner on Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy Formed by Strain-Induced Melt Activation Process10.1016/j.matdes.2012.10.058 ↗
43. Wear Patterns and Laws of Wear—A Review
44. Microstructure and the Wear Mechanism of Grain-Refined Aluminum during Dry Sliding against Steel Disc10.1016/j.wear.2007.05.010 ↗
45. Effect of Fe-Rich Intermetallics on the Wear Behavior of Eutectic Al-Si Piston Alloy (LM13)10.1016/j.matdes.2010.02.015 ↗
46. The Effect of Grain Size and Grain Boundary Misorientation on the Corrosion Resistance of Commercially Pure Aluminium10.1016/j.corsci.2018.11.035 ↗
47. Ahmed, H.M., Ahmed, H.A.M., Hefni, M., and Moustafa, E.B. (2021). Effect of Grain Refinement on the Dynamic, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behaviour of Al-Mg Alloy. Metals, 11.10.3390/met11111825 ↗
48. Corrosion Studies of High Pressure Die-Cast Al-Si-Ni and Al-Si-Ni-Cu Alloys10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.246 ↗
49. Microstructures and Corrosion Resistances of Hypoeutectic Al-6.5Si-0.45 Mg Casting Alloy with Addition of Sc and Zr10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.125321 ↗
50. Corrosion Behavior of B and Ti Grain-Refined Sr-Modified A35610.1007/s11665-018-3657-3 ↗
51. Arendarchuck, B.E. (2022, December 12). “Database 3”, Mendeley Data, V2. Available online: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/r7rj6bzs6j/2.