Effect of Over-The-Counter Tooth-Whitening Products on Enamel Surface Roughness and Microhardness
Source abstract
Abstract
Background: To evaluate the efficacy of new over-the-counter tooth-whitening products on enamel surface roughness and microhardness. Methods: A total of 120 enamel specimens were prepared and randomly allocated into six groups. Group A was treated with 10% carbamide peroxide; Group B was immersed in distilled water; Group C was treated with hydrated silica, sodium hexametaphosphate toothpaste; Group D was treated with sodium bicarbonate; Group E was treated with 0.25% citric acid; and Group F was treated with hydrated silica, charcoal powder. Results: A, B, and D demonstrated decreased Ra, whereas Groups C, E, and F showed an increased Ra after whitening. The changes in Ra from T0 to T1 in each group was statistically significant (p < 0.001) except for Group B (p = 0.85). The groups showed decreased KHN after whitening, except for specimens in Group B (distilled water). The KHN from T0 to T1 decreased significantly for groups A, C, E, and F (p = 0.001). Significant difference was observed at T1 (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it could be demonstrated that surface roughness and enamel microhardness changes were influenced by the type, composition, and exposure time of the whitening product.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Dental Erosion and Treatment · Dental materials and restorations · Dental Health and Care Utilization
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Conservative Dental Department, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 13244, Saudi Arabia
References (66)
Show source-provided references
1. Influence of different types of whitening tooth pastes on the tooth color, enamel surface roughness and enamel morphology of human teeth10.12688/f1000research.20811.1 ↗
2. The prevalence of tooth discolouration and the self-satisfaction with tooth colour in a Chinese urban population10.1111/j.1365-2842.2007.01729.x ↗
3. Enamel Surface Changes After Exposure to Bleaching Gels Containing Carbamide Peroxide or Hydrogen Peroxide10.2341/15-010-L ↗
4. Pascolutti, M., and de Oliveira, D. (2021). A Radical-Free Approach to Teeth Whitening. Dent. J., 9.10.3390/dj9120148 ↗
5. Influence of the Light Source and Bleaching Gel on the Efficacy of the Tooth Whitening Process10.1089/pho.2009.2751 ↗
6. Vital tooth bleaching: Biologic adverse effects—A review
7. Over-the-Counter Tooth Whitening Agents: A Review of Literature10.1590/0103-6440202003227 ↗
8. Efficacy of Do-It-Yourself Whitening as Compared to Conventional Tooth Whitening Modalities: An In Vitro Study10.2341/13-333-LR ↗
9. Efficiency of Natural Ingredients in Teeth Whitening10.1016/j.dental.2021.12.041 ↗
10. Citric acid compounds of tangerines peel extract (Citrus reticulata) as potential materials teeth whitening10.1088/1742-6596/824/1/012071 ↗
11. In Vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Over-The-Counter Products on Tooth Whitening10.1590/0103-64402013x0111 ↗
12. Safety Controversies in Tooth Bleaching10.1016/j.cden.2011.01.003 ↗
13. Safety issues of tooth whitening using peroxide-based materials10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.629 ↗
14. Tooth-bleaching procedures and their controversial effects: A literature review10.1016/j.sdentj.2014.02.002 ↗
15. American Dental Association (2022, January 22). ADA Current Policies, Adopted 1954–2020. Available online: https://www.ada.org/-/media/project/ada-organization/ada/ada-org/files/about/current-policies-and-historical-publications/current_policies.pdf.
16. Influence of study design on the impact of bleaching agents on dental enamel microhardness: A review10.1016/j.dental.2008.05.010 ↗
17. Influence of Bleaching Agents on Surface Roughness of Sound or Eroded Dental Enamel Specimens10.1111/j.1708-8240.2010.00372.x ↗
18. The effect of 10% carbamide peroxide, carbopol and/or glycerin on enamel and dentin microhardness
19. Effects of elevated hydrogen peroxide ‘strip’ bleaching on surface and subsurface enamel including subsurface histomorphology, micro-chemical composition and fluorescence changes10.1016/j.jdent.2007.01.004 ↗
20. Review of the effects of peroxide on enamel and dentine properties10.1016/j.jdent.2007.09.008 ↗
21. Effect of various tooth whitening modalities on microhardness, surface roughness and surface morphology of the enamel10.1007/s10266-014-0163-4 ↗
22. Evaluation of bleaching efficacy and erosion potential of four different over-the-counter bleaching products
23. Wear and surface roughness of bovine enamel submitted to bleaching
24. Effect of 10% Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching Gel on Enamel Microhardness, Microstructure, and Mineral Content10.1097/00004770-200004000-00001 ↗
25. At-home vital bleaching: Effects on stained enamel and dentin
26. Surface alteration of human tooth enamel subjected to acidic and neutral 30% hydrogen peroxide10.1016/j.jdent.2011.07.011 ↗
27. Surface changes and acid dissolution of enamel after carbamide peroxide bleach treatment
28. The effect of strip, tray and office peroxide bleaching systems on enamel surfaces in vitro10.1016/j.dental.2008.03.009 ↗
29. The Efficacy of Three Different In-office Bleaching Systems and Their Effect on Enamel Microhardness10.2341/07-148 ↗
30. A safety study in vitro for the effects of an in-office bleaching system on the integrity of enamel and dentine10.1016/j.jdent.2004.06.003 ↗
31. Side effects of a non-peroxide-based home bleaching agent on dental enamel10.1002/jbm.a.31843 ↗
32. Bizhang, M., Schmidt, I., Chun, Y.-H.P., Arnold, W.H., and Zimmer, S. (2017). Toothbrush abrasivity in a long-term simulation on human dentin depends on brushing mode and bristle arrangement. PLoS ONE, 12.10.1371/journal.pone.0172060 ↗
33. Lee, J.-H., Kim, S.-H., Han, J.-S., Yeo, I.-S.L., and Yoon, H.-I. (2019). Optical and Surface Properties of Monolithic Zirconia after Simulated Toothbrushing. Materials, 12.10.3390/ma12071158 ↗
34. Aldosari, L.I., Alshadidi, A.A., Porwal, A., Al Ahmari, N.M., Al Moaleem, M.M., Suhluli, A.M., Shariff, M., and Shami, A.O. (2021). Surface roughness and color measurements of glazed or polished hybrid, feldspathic, and Zirconia CAD/CAM restorative materials after hot and cold coffee immersion. BMC Oral Health, 21.10.1186/s12903-021-01770-2 ↗
35. Durgesh, B.H., Alaqeel, S., Ajwa, N.A.I.K., Hadhari, M., Alsadon, O., and Matinlinna, J. (2020). Experimental silane primer and grit-blasting distance in orthodontic bonding of zirconia surfaces. Ceram. Silik., 469–477.10.13168/cs.2020.0034 ↗
36. Effect of indentation load and time on knoop and vickers microhardness tests for enamel and dentin10.1590/S1516-14392009000400016 ↗
37. A 3 months clinical evaluation comparing two professional bleaching systems of 25% and 40% hydrogen peroxide and extended treatment outcome using a power versus a manual toothbrush10.1111/jerd.12440 ↗
38. A comparative evaluation of the effect of three different concentrations of in-office bleaching agents on microhardness and surface roughness of enamel—An in vitro study10.4103/1735-3327.318944 ↗
39. Efficacy, side-effects and patients’ acceptance of different bleaching techniques (OTC, in-office, at-home)
40. Comparison of Traditional and Low Sensitivity Whiteners10.2341/07-134 ↗
41. Frequently asked questions about bleaching
42. Clinical evaluation of in-office and at-home bleaching treatments
43. Effect of Vital Tooth Bleaching on Surface Roughness and Streptococcal Biofilm Formation on Direct Tooth-Colored Restorative Materials10.2341/16-366-L ↗
44. The effect of in-office bleaching materials with different pH on the surface topography of bovine enamel10.4012/dmj.2021-010 ↗
45. Mineral loss and color change of enamel after bleaching and staining solutions combination10.1117/1.JBO.18.10.108004 ↗
46. Physicochemical changes in enamel submitted to pH cycling and bleaching treatment10.2147/CCIDE.S184683 ↗
47. Effect of bleaching agents on enamel surface of bovine teeth: A SEM study
48. Effect of 7.5% hydrogen peroxide containing remineralizing agents on hardness, color change, roughness and micromorphology of human enamel
49. Effect of carbamide peroxide bleaching on enamel characteristics and susceptibility to further discoloration10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.03.006 ↗
50. Effects of Bleaching Agents, Neutral Fluoride Gels, and Surface Sealants on Enamel Surface Roughness
51. Tooth bleaching with low-temperature plasma lowers surface roughness and Streptococcus mutans adhesion10.1111/iej.12860 ↗
52. Effects of Two In-Office Bleaching Agents with Different pH on the Structure of Human Enamel: An In Situ and In Vitro Study10.2341/11-173-L ↗
53. Effect of bleaching agents on hardness, surface roughness and color parameters of dental enamel
54. Bleaching and enamel surface interactions resulting from the use of highly-concentrated bleaching gels10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.12.026 ↗
55. Effect of topical fluoride application on enamel after in-office bleaching, as evaluated using a novel hardness tester and a transverse microradiography method10.1111/eos.12386 ↗
56. Effect of high- or low-concentration bleaching agents containing calcium and/or fluoride on enamel microhardness
57. Peroxide bleaching agent effects on enamel surface microhardness, roughness and morphology10.1590/S1806-83242004000400006 ↗
58. The effect of long-term use of tooth bleaching products on the human enamel surface10.1007/s10266-017-0308-3 ↗
59. Occurrence of sensitivity during at-home and in-office tooth bleaching therapies with or without use of light sources
60. Influence of enamel/dentin thickness on the toxic and esthetic effects of experimental in-office bleaching protocols10.1007/s00784-017-2049-7 ↗
61. Treating sensitivity during tooth whitening
62. Human pulp responses to in-office tooth bleaching10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.12.002 ↗
63. Influence of Enamel Thickness on Bleaching Efficacy: An In-Depth Color Analysis10.2174/1874210601610010438 ↗
64. Effectiveness of dental bleaching in depth after using different bleaching agents
65. Calcium Phosphopeptides—Mechanisms of Action and Evidence for Clinical Efficacy10.1177/0022034512454294 ↗
66. Biomimetic Effect of Nano-Hydroxyapatite in Demineralized Enamel before Orthodontic Bonding of Brackets and Attachments: Visual, Adhesion Strength, and Hardness in In Vitro Tests10.1155/2020/6747498 ↗