journal article·2021-11-02Open access

Accurate Landmark Localization for Medical Images Using Perturbations

Junhyeok Kang, Kanghan Oh, Il-Seok Oh

Applied Sciences· Volume 11· Issue 21

Abstract

Recently, various studies have been proposed to learn the rich representations of images during deep learning. In particular, the perturbation method is a simple way to learn rich representations that has shown significant success. In this study, we present effective perturbation approaches for medical landmark localization. To this end, we report an extensive experiment that uses the perturbation methods of erasing, smoothing, binarization, and edge detection. The hand X-ray dataset and the ISBI 2015 Cephalometric dataset are used to evaluate the perturbation effect. The experimental results show that the perturbation method forces the network to extract richer representations of an image, leading to performance increases. Moreover, in comparison with the existing methods that lack any complex algorithmic change of network, our methods with specific perturbation methods achieve superior performance.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Dental Radiography and Imaging · Medical Imaging and Analysis · AI in cancer detection

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea

Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea

References (43)

Show source-provided references
1. Facial landmark detection: A literature survey10.1007/s11263-018-1097-z ↗
2. Automatic detection of landmarks for the analysis of a reduction of supracondylar fractures of the humerus
3. DeepNavNet: Automated Landmark Localization for Neuronavigation10.3389/fnins.2021.670287 ↗
4. Al, W.A., Jung, H.Y., Yun, I.D., Jang, Y., Park, H.-B., and Chang, H.-J. (2018). Automatic aortic valve landmark localization in coronary CT angiography using colonial walk. PLoS ONE, 13.10.1371/journal.pone.0200317 ↗
5. Computer-assisted bone age assessment: Image preprocessing and epiphyseal/metaphyseal ROI extraction10.1109/42.938240 ↗
6. Tanner, J.M. (2001). Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW3 Method), Saunders.
7. The clinical significance of error measurement in the interpretation of treatment results10.1093/ejo/23.5.569 ↗
8. Štern, D., Payer, C., Lepetit, V., and Urschler, M. (2016). Automated Age Estimation from Hand MRI Volumes Using Deep Learning. International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-46723-8_23 ↗
9. Automated identification of cephalometric landmarks: Part 1—Comparisons between the latest deep-learning methods YOLOV3 and SSD10.2319/022019-127.1 ↗
10. Integrating spatial configuration into heatmap regression based CNNs for landmark localization10.1016/j.media.2019.03.007 ↗
11. Deep Anatomical Context Feature Learning for Cephalometric Landmark Detection10.1109/JBHI.2020.3002582 ↗
12. Representation learning: A review and new perspectives10.1109/TPAMI.2013.50 ↗
13. DeVries, T., and Taylor, G.W. (2017). Improved regularization of convolutional neural networks with cutout. arXiv.
14. Random Erasing Data Augmentation
15. Robust and Accurate Shape Model Matching Using Random Forest Regression-Voting10.1109/TPAMI.2014.2382106 ↗
16. Szegedy, C., Liu, W., Jia, Y., Sermanet, P., Reed, S., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Vanhoucke, V., and Rabinovich, A. (2015, January 7–12). Going deeper with convolutions. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Boston, MA, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298594 ↗
17. He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., and Sun, J. (2016, January 27–30). Deep residual learning for image recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Las Vegas, NV, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2016.90 ↗
18. Masci, J., Meier, U., Cireşan, D., and Schmidhuber, J. (2011). Stacked Convolutional Auto-Encoders for Hierarchical Feature Extraction. International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, Springer.10.1007/978-3-642-21735-7_7 ↗
19. Wei, Y., Feng, J., Liang, X., Cheng, M.-M., Zhao, Y., and Yan, S. (2017, January 21–26). Object Region Mining with Adversarial Erasing: A Simple Classification to Semantic Segmentation Approach. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Honolulu, HI, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2017.687 ↗
20. Singh, K.K., and Lee, Y.J. (2017, January 22–29). Hide-and-Seek: Forcing a Network to be Meticulous for Weakly-Supervised Object and Action Localization. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Venice, Italy.10.1109/ICCV.2017.381 ↗
21. Zhang, X., Wei, Y., Feng, J., Yang, Y., and Huang, T.S. (2018, January 18–23). Adversarial complementary learning for weakly supervised object localization. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2018.00144 ↗
22. Pathak, D., Krahenbuhl, P., Donahue, J., Darrell, T., and Efros, A.A. (2016, January 27–30). Context encoders: Feature learning by inpainting. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Las Vegas, NV, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2016.278 ↗
23. Yu, J., Lin, Z., Yang, J., Shen, X., Lu, X., and Huang, T.S. (2018, January 18–22). Generative Image Inpainting With Contextual Attention. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2018.00577 ↗
24. Doersch, C., Gupta, A., and Efros, A.A. (2015, January 7–13). Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning by Context Prediction. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Santiago, Chile.10.1109/ICCV.2015.167 ↗
25. Noroozi, M., and Favaro, P. (2016). Unsupervised learning of visual representations by solving jigsaw puzzles. European Conference on Computer Vision, Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-46466-4_5 ↗
26. Štern, D., Ebner, T., and Urschler, M. (2016). From Local to Global Random Regression Forests: Exploring Anatomical Landmark Localization. International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-46723-8_26 ↗
27. Chu, C., Chen, C., Wang, C.-W., Huang, C.-T., Li, C.-H., Nolte, L.-P., and Zheng, G. (May, January 29). Fully automatic cephalometric x-ray landmark detection using random forest regression and sparse shape composition. Proceedings of the ISBI International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, Beijing, China.
28. Mirzaalian, H., and Hamarneh, G. (May, January 29). Automatic Globally-Optimal Pictorial Structures with Random Decision Forest Based Likelihoods for Cephalometric X-ray Landmark Detection. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging Automatic Cephalometric X-ray Landmark Detection Challenge, Beijing, China.
29. Qian, J., Cheng, M., Tao, Y., Lin, J., and Lin, H. (2019, January 8–11). CephaNet: An Improved Faster R-CNN for Cephalometric Landmark Detection. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2019), Venice, Italy.10.1109/ISBI.2019.8759437 ↗
30. Detecting Anatomical Landmarks from Limited Medical Imaging Data Using Two-Stage Task-Oriented Deep Neural Networks10.1109/TIP.2017.2721106 ↗
31. Zhang, H., Li, Q., and Sun, Z. (2018, January 20–24). Joint voxel and coordinate regression for accurate 3d facial landmark localization. Proceedings of the 2018 24th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), Beijing, China.10.1109/ICPR.2018.8546220 ↗
32. Park, S. (2017). Cephalometric Landmarks Detection Using Fully Convolutional Networks, Colleage of Natural Sci, Seoul National Univ.
33. Payer, C., Štern, D., Bischof, H., and Urschler, M. (2016). Regressing Heatmaps for Multiple Landmark Localization Using CNNs. International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-46723-8_27 ↗
34. Integrating geometric configuration and appearance information into a unified framework for anatomical landmark localization10.1016/j.media.2017.09.003 ↗
35. Chen, R., Ma, Y., Chen, N., Lee, D., and Wang, W. (2019). Cephalometric Landmark Detection by Attentive Feature Pyramid Fusion and Regression-Voting. International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Springer.10.1007/978-3-030-32248-9_97 ↗
36. A benchmark for comparison of dental radiography analysis algorithms10.1016/j.media.2016.02.004 ↗
37. A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076 ↗
38. A Computational Approach to Edge Detection10.1109/TPAMI.1986.4767851 ↗
39. Ronneberger, O., Philipp, F., and Thomas, B. (2015). U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28 ↗
40. Oktay, O., Schlemper, J., Folgoc, L.L., Lee, M., Heinrich, M., Misawa, K., Mori, K., McDonagh, S., Hammerla, N.Y., and Kainz, B. (2018). Attention U-Net: Learning Where to Look for the Pancreas. arXiv.
41. Fully automated quantitative cephalometry using convolutional neural networks10.1117/1.JMI.4.1.014501 ↗
42. Lee, H., Park, M., and Kim, J. (2017). Cephalometric landmark detection in dental x-ray images using convolutional neural networks. Medical Imaging 2017: Computer-Aided Diagnosis, International Society for Optics and Photonics.10.1117/12.2255870 ↗
43. Nie, J., Anwer, R.M., Cholakkal, H., Khan, F.S., Pang, Y., and Shao, L. (November, January 27). Enriched Feature Guided Refinement Network for Object Detection. Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, Seoul, Korea.