Assessment of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement with By-Products and Comparison with an Asphalt Pavement: A Review
Source abstract
Abstract
This paper aims to review the performance analysis of interlocking concrete block pavement with by-products such as coconut fibers, and construction and demolition recycled materials, and to compare their skills with asphalt pavement, especially for light-traffic urban road applications. The focus is on mechanical behavior (mix parameters and the influence of by-products), pavement design, sustainability (the heat island effect), the management of contaminant concentrations within infiltration related to permeability, and Life Cycle Assessment. Considering the overall performance analysis, interlocking concrete block pavement was the most attractive alternative because it was approximately 33–44% cheaper in the maintenance process, cooler over a range of 2.2–15 °C, and more permeable by 0.4 cm/s to 0.6 cm/s than asphalt pavement, saving costs and improving drainage and human thermal comfort. However, asphalt pavement was around 35% cheaper during the construction phase (mainly due to energy consumption), and it presented a 32% lower nitrogen oxide concentration. This paper showed the advantages and disadvantages of both types of pavements. A further breakdown should be developed and integrated into the decision-making process about choosing between solutions.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation · Urban Stormwater Management Solutions · Smart Materials for Construction
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
Department of Transportation Engineering, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60455-760, Brazil
Department of Structural Engineering and Building, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60455-900, Brazil
Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60455-900, Brazil
Funding
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES) · Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Low Impact Development Practices: A Review of Current Research and Recommendations for Future Directions10.1007/s11270-007-9484-z ↗
2. Review of permeable pavement systems10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.11.016 ↗
3. State-of-the-art of interlocking concrete block pavement technology in Japan as a post-modern pavement10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.286 ↗
4. Structural Behavior of Concrete Block Paving. I: Sand in Bed and Joints10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2002)128:2(123) ↗
5. Shackel, B. (1988, January 17–19). The evolution and application of mechanistic design procedures for concrete block pavements. Proceedings of the SEPT Third International Conference on Concrete Block Paving, Rome, Italy.
6. Investigation of Geopolymer Paver Block using Plastic Waste
7. Cruz, L.O.M. (2003). Interlocking Concrete Pavement: Study of Elements and Design Methods. [Master’s Thesis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]. (In Portuguese).
8. Silva, W.B.C. (2020). Analysis of the Feasibility of Manufacturing Interlocking Concrete Paving Blocks with the Use of Waste from Thermal Power Plants and Recycled Aggregates from the Construction Industry. [Master’s Thesis, Federal University of Ceara]. (In Portuguese).
9. Morgado, P.R.S. (2008). Conception and Design of Block Pavements. [Master’s Thesis, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa]. (In Portuguese).
10. (2013). Concrete Paving Units—Specification and Test Methods (Standard No. ABNT NBR 9781). (In Portuguese).
11. (2022). Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units (Standard No. ASTM C936).
12. (2003). Concrete Paving Blocks—Requirements and Test Methods (Standard No. CEN EN 1338).
13. (2003). Masonry Units and Segmental Pavers and Flags—Methods of Test—Determining Compressive Strength of Masonry Units (Standard No. AS/NZS 4456.4).
14. (2012). Precast Concrete Paving Units (Standard No. CNSA GB 28635).
15. Effects of contaminants on the properties of concrete paving blocks prepared with recycled concrete aggregates10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.031 ↗
16. Geopolymer concrete paving blocks made with Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) aggregates towards sustainable urban mobility development10.1080/23311916.2020.1824572 ↗
17. Bang, T.C. (2020, January 25–26). Study on Fly Ash Based Interlocking Concrete Paver Block Using Chopped Fibers. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Chennai, India.
18. Eco Nordeste (2022, August 28). Rubble Becomes Construction Material Again. (In Portuguese).
19. A diagnosis of construction and demolition waste generation and recovery practice in the European Union10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118400 ↗
20. Management Options for Construction and Demolition Wastes from Residential Recuperation10.1007/s12649-016-9675-1 ↗
21. Cement-treated pavement layers incorporating construction and demolition waste and coconut fibres: A review10.1080/10298436.2021.1984475 ↗
22. Brito, J.R. (2022). Effect of Adding Coconut Fibers in Cemented Mixtures with Recycled Aggregates for Pavement Sublayers. [Master’s Thesis, Federal University of Ceara]. (In Portuguese).
23. Fiber of green coconut shell as an agricultural substrate10.1590/S0102-05362002000400003 ↗
24. Chemical composition, thermal and mechanical properties for cultivars of immature coconut fibers10.1590/S0100-29452009000300030 ↗
25. Construction and demolition waste in concrete: Property of pre-molded parts for paving10.1590/0366-6913201965s12595 ↗
26. Performance of concrete made with recycled aggregates from Portuguese CDW recycling plants10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.634.193 ↗
27. Experimental evaluation of green coconut fibre reinforced concrete blocks as interlocking paver
28. Cravidão, J.M.M.C.M. (2021). Economic Comparison of New Fibre Placement Methods—Dry Fibre Placement and Tailored Fibre Placement. [Master’s Thesis, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa].
29. Sustainable reuse of excavated soil and recycled concrete aggregate in manufacturing concrete blocks10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127917 ↗
30. Effects of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition wastes on mechanical and permeability properties of paving stone, kerb and concrete pipes10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.030 ↗
31. The Influence of Coconut Fiber on the Compressive and Flexural Strength of Paving Blocks10.48084/etasr.3008 ↗
32. Gamage, S., Palitha, S., Meddage, D.P.P., Mendis, S., Azamathulla, H.M., and Rathnayake, U. (2022). Influence of Crumb Rubber and Coconut Coir on Strength and Durability Characteristics of Interlocking Paving Blocks. Buildings, 12.10.3390/buildings12071001 ↗
33. Shackel, B. (1990). Design and Construction of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavements, Elsevier Applied Science. [1st ed.].
34. Hallack, A. (1999). Design of Pavements with Precast Concrete Coating for Port and Industrial Areas. [Master’s Thesis, University of Sao Paulo]. (In Portuguese).
35. Shackel, B. (1992, January 16–19). Computer based procedures for the design and specification of concrete block pavements. Proceedings of the SEPT Fourth International Conference on Concrete Block Paving, Auckland, New Zealand.
36. Akbari, H., Rose, L.S., and Taha, H. (1999). Characterizing the Fabric of the Urban Environment: A Case Study of Sacramento, Environmental Protection Agency. [1st ed.].10.2172/764362 ↗
37. Long-term stormwater quantity and quality performance of permeable pavement systems10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00410-X ↗
38. The use of reflective and permeable pavements as a potential practice for heat island mitigation and stormwater management10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015023 ↗
39. Assessing the Physico-Chemical Parameters of Sediment Ecosystem of Vasai Creek at Mumbai, India10.5923/j.ms.20110101.03 ↗
40. Permeable pavement in northern North American urban areas: Research review and knowledge gaps10.1080/10298436.2017.1279482 ↗
41. Abdollahian, S., Kazemi, H., Rockaway, T., and Gullapalli, V. (2018). Stormwater quality benefits of permeable pavement systems with deep aggregate layers. Environments, 5.10.3390/environments5060068 ↗
42. Effect of natural and recycled aggregate packing on properties of concrete blocks10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122247 ↗
43. Laboratory study on the stormwater retention and runoff attenuation capacity of four permeable pavements10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001033 ↗
44. The laws of proportioning concrete10.1061/TACEAT.0001979 ↗
45. The rational design of aggregate gradings for dense asphaltic compositions
46. Performance of gap graded cold asphalt containing cement treated filler10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.081 ↗
47. Asphalt mix design: Discussion on the bulk specific gravity procedure influence on the results obtained from empirical, volumetric, and performance-based methods10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127870 ↗
48. Observation and evaluation of the degree of blending of reclaimed asphalt concretes using microscopy image analysis10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.048 ↗
49. Particle clustering phenomena in hot asphalt mixtures with high content of reclaimed asphalt pavements10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.052 ↗
50. Assessment of the Performance of Warm Mix Asphalts in Road Pavements
51. Influence of recycled concrete and steel slag aggregates on warm-mix asphalt properties10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.041 ↗
52. Martinho, F.C.G., Picado-Santos, L.G., and Capitão, S.D. (2018). Feasibility Assessment of the Use of Recycled Aggregates for Asphalt Mixtures. Sustainability, 10.10.3390/su10061737 ↗
53. Influence of mix parameters on design of cold bituminous mix10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.002 ↗
54. Multiscale imaging and characterization of the effect of mixing temperature on asphalt concrete containing recycled components10.1111/jmi.12412 ↗
55. Hoornweg, D., and Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management, World Bank. [15th ed.].
56. Weissheimer, L.F. (2017). The influence of the use of stabilized mortar in reducing environmental impacts. [Master’s Thesis, University of Bells’ River Valley]. (In Portuguese).
57. Literature review: Reuse of construction and demolition waste in the construction industry10.1590/0366-69132015613581860 ↗
58. Angulo, S.C., Oliveira, L.S., and Machado, L. (2022). ABRECON 2020 Sector Research: The Recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste in Brazil, Epusp. [1st ed.]. (In Portuguese).
59. Comparing the implementation of concrete recycling in the Australian and Japanese construction industries10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.11.015 ↗
60. Laboratory study on recycled concrete aggregate based asphalt mixtures for sustainable flexible pavement surfacing10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121462 ↗
61. A novel double-drum mixing technique for plant hot mix asphalt recycling with high reclaimed asphalt pavement content and rejuvenator10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.077 ↗
62. Crucho, J., Picado-Santos, L., and Neves, J. (2022). Mechanical Performance of Cement Bound Granular Mixtures Using Recycled Aggregate and Coconut Fiber. Appl. Sci., 12.10.3390/app12041936 ↗
63. Durability and long term performance of geopolymer stabilized reclaimed asphalt pavement base courses10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.162 ↗
64. Rodrigues, C., Capitão, S., Picado-Santos, L., and Almeida, A. (2020). Full Recycling of Asphalt Concrete with Waste Cooking Oil as Rejuvenator and LDPE from Urban Waste as Binder Modifier. Sustainability, 12.10.3390/su12198222 ↗
65. Performance of AC mixtures containing flakes of LDPE plastic film collected from urban waste considering ageing10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117253 ↗
66. Fonseca, M., Capitão, S., Almeida, A., and Picado-Santos, L. (2022). Influence of Plastic Waste on the Workability and Mechanical Behaviour of Asphalt Concrete. Appl. Sci., 12.10.3390/app12042146 ↗
67. Utilization of Waste Low Density Polyethylene in High Strengths Concrete Pavement Blocks Production
68. Mashudi, I., Suardana, N.P.G., Arya Thanaya, I.N., Bandem Adnyana, I.W., and Kencanawati, C.I.P.K. (2019, January 2–5). Compressive strength and truck run over ability of plastic/sand paving block composites. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.10.1088/1757-899X/839/1/012011 ↗
69. Gungat, L., Anthony, F., Mirasa, A.K., Asrah, H., Bolong, N., Ispal, N.A., and Matlan, S.J. (2020, January 1–2). Development of Paver Block Containing Recycled Plastic. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Batu Pahat, Malaysia.10.1088/1757-899X/1144/1/012094 ↗
70. Effect of fiber types on relevant properties of porous asphalt10.1016/S1003-6326(06)60302-6 ↗
71. Biodegradable composites based on lignocellulosic fibers—An overview10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.12.002 ↗
72. Martinho, F., Lanchas, S., Nunez, R., Batista, F., and Miranda, H. (2013, January 10–12). The Portuguese experience in SMA bituminous mixtures with cellulosic fibers. Proceedings of the Seventh Portuguese Road Congress, Lisboa, Portugal. (In Portuguese).
73. Radiative forcing and temperature response to changes in urban albedos and associated CO2 offsets10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/014005 ↗
74. Study on urban heat island mitigation effect based on surface heat budget on environmental consideration type pavements10.3130/aije.73.77 ↗
75. Shackel, B. (2003, January 12–15). The challenges of concrete block paving as a mature technology. Proceedings of the SEPT Seventh International Conference on Concrete Block Paving, Sun City, South Africa.
76. Li, H. (2012). Evaluation of Cool Pavement Strategies for Heat Island Mitigation. [PhD’s Thesis, University of California].
77. Aoki, H., and Baba, T. (2003, January 12–15). Development and practical use of joint sand to inhibit plant germination and growth on block pavements. Proceedings of the SEPT Seventh International Conference on Concrete Block Paving, Sun City, South Africa.
78. Almeida, A., and Picado-Santos, L. (2022). Asphalt Road Pavements to Address Climate Change Challenges—An Overview. Appl. Sci., 12.10.3390/app122412515 ↗
79. Pacheco-Torgal, F., Amirkhanian, S., Wang, H., and Schlangen, E. (2020). Eco-Efficient Pavement Construction Materials, Elsevier. [1st ed.].
80. The deterioration and performance improvement of long-term mechanical properties of warm-mix asphalt mixtures under special environmental conditions10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.167 ↗
81. Temperature Behavior of Pervious Concrete Systems10.3141/2098-10 ↗
82. Evaluating the effective thermal conductivity of geothermal pavements constructed using demolition wastes by DEM and 3D printing techniques10.1007/s11440-021-01320-8 ↗
83. Cheng, Y.-Y., Lo, S.-L., Ho, C.-C., Lin, J.-Y., and Yu, S.L. (2019). Field Testing of Porous Pavement Performance on Runoff and Temperature Control in Taipei City. Water, 11.10.3390/w11122635 ↗
84. Improving outdoor human-thermal environment by optimizing the reflectance of water-retaining pavement through subjective field-based measurements10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108695 ↗
85. Stormwater quality performance of permeable interlocking concrete pavement receiving run-on from an asphalt traffic lane in a cold climate10.1007/s11356-020-08707-2 ↗
86. (2021). NYCRR Part 703. Surface Water and Groundwater Quality Standards and Groundwater Effluent Limitations, New York Codes, Rules and Regulations.
87. Environmental Protection Agency (2002). Nitrification.
88. Long-term effects of three types of permeable pavements on nutrient infiltrate concentrations10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.279 ↗
89. Stormwater runoff quality and quantity from asphalt, paver, and crushed stone driveways in Connecticut10.1016/j.watres.2005.12.006 ↗
90. Hydrologic Performance of Three Partial-Infiltration Permeable Pavements in a Cold Climate over Low Permeability Soil10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000943 ↗
91. Evaluation of Four Permeable Pavement Sites in Eastern North Carolina for Runoff Reduction and Water Quality Impacts10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:6(583) ↗
92. Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode10.1038/238037a0 ↗
93. Witkowski, H., Jackiewicz-Rek, W., Chilmon, K., Jarosławski, J., Tryfon-Bojarska, A., and Gąsiński, A. (2019). Air Purification Performance of Photocatalytic Concrete Paving Blocks after Seven Years of Service. Appl. Sci., 9.10.3390/app9091735 ↗
94. Beeldens, A. (2006, January 12–15). An environmental friendly solution for air purification and self-cleaning effect: The application of TiO2 as photocatalyst in concrete. Proceedings of the TRA First Transport Research Arena, Göteborg, Sweden.
95. An environment-friendly solution for indoor air purification by using renewable photocatalysts in concrete: A review10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.018 ↗
96. Predicting long term removal of heavy metals from porous pavements for stormwater treatment10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.038 ↗
97. Performances of metal concentrations from three permeable pavement infiltrates10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.050 ↗
98. Borst, M. (2016). Green Infrastructure Research: Permeable Pavement at EPA’S Edison Environmental Center, Environmental Protection Agency. [1st ed.].
99. Rodríguez-Rojas, M.I., Huertas-Fernández, F., Moreno, B., and Martínez, G. (2020). Middle-Term Evolution of Efficiency in Permeable Pavements: A Real Case Study in a Mediterranean climate. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.10.3390/ijerph17217774 ↗
100. Experimental study on the hydrological performance of a permeable pavement10.1080/1573062X.2016.1176221 ↗