Physiological Effects of Bioactive Compounds Derived from Whole Grains on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
Source abstract
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a global health burden with an increasing prevalence. In addition, various metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Dietary strategies based on healthy foods have been suggested for the prevention or improvement of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Grains are the most widely consumed food worldwide, and the preventive effects of whole grains (e.g., oats, barley, and buckwheat) on metabolic diseases have been reported. The germ and bran of grains are rich in compounds, including phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber, and these compounds are effective in preventing and improving cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Thus, this review describes the characteristics and functions of bioactive ingredients in whole grains, focusing on mechanisms by which polyphenols, antioxidants, and dietary fiber contribute to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, based on preclinical and clinical studies. There is clear evidence for the broad preventive and therapeutic effects of whole grains, supporting the value of early dietary intervention.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Food composition and properties · Seed and Plant Biochemistry · Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Personalized Diet Research Group, Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea
Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
Funding
Korea Food Research Institute
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–201910.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010 ↗
2. Musinguzi, G., Ndejjo, R., Ssinabulya, I., Bastiaens, H., van Marwijk, H., and Wanyenze, R.K. (2020). Cardiovascular risk factor mapping and distribution among adults in mukono and buikwe districts in Uganda: Small area analysis. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 20.10.1186/s12872-020-01573-3 ↗
3. Dietary habits and metabolic risk factors for non-communicable diseases in a University undergraduate population10.1186/s41043-018-0152-2 ↗
4. Metabolic syndrome pandemic10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.151092 ↗
5. Extensive review of popular functional foods and nutraceuticals against obesity and its related complications with a special focus on randomized clinical trials10.1039/C9FO00293F ↗
6. Alkhatib, A., Tsang, C., Tiss, A., Bahorun, T., Arefanian, H., Barake, R., Khadir, A., and Tuomilehto, J. (2017). Functional foods and lifestyle approaches for diabetes prevention and management. Nutrients, 9.10.3390/nu9121310 ↗
7. Food, nutrition board of the institute of medicine TNA: Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90346-9 ↗
8. Energy intake and energy contributions of macronutrients and major food sources among Chinese adults: CHNS 2015 and CNTCS 201510.1038/s41430-020-0698-0 ↗
9. Trends in food consumption and nutrient intake in Germany between 2006 and 2012: Results of the German National Nutrition Monitoring (NEMONIT)10.1017/S0007114516000544 ↗
10. Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients in adults from 1999–2000 through 2007–2008
11. Sabença, C., Ribeiro, M., Sousa, T., Poeta, P., Bagulho, A., and Igrejas, G. (2021). Wheat/Gluten-Related Disorders and Gluten-Free Diet Misconceptions: A Review. Foods, 10.10.3390/foods10081765 ↗
12. The role of whole grains in disease prevention10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00194-8 ↗
13. Beta-glucan extracts inhibit the in vitro intestinal uptake of long-chain fatty acids and cholesterol and down-regulate genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid transport in rats10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.04.003 ↗
14. Dose-dependent suppression of serum cholesterol by tocotrienol-rich fraction (trf25) of rice bran in hypercholesterolemic humans10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00619-0 ↗
15. Ferulic acid alleviates changes in a rat model of metabolic syndrome induced by high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet10.3390/nu7085283 ↗
16. Plasma alkylresorcinol metabolite, a biomarker of whole-grain wheat and rye intake, and risk of ischemic stroke: A case-control study10.1093/ajcn/nqy323 ↗
17. High levels of avenanthramides in oat-based diet further suppress high fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- Mice10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04860 ↗
18. Wang, O., Liu, J., Cheng, Q., Guo, X., Wang, Y., Zhao, L., Zhou, F., and Ji, B. (2015). Effects of ferulic acid and gamma-oryzanol on high-fat and high-fructose diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. PLoS ONE, 10.10.1371/journal.pone.0118135 ↗
19. Ganesan, K., and Xu, B. (2017). Polyphenol-rich lentils and their health promoting effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.10.3390/ijms18112390 ↗
20. Lipid lowering with soluble dietary fiber10.1007/s11883-016-0624-z ↗
21. The impact of soluble dietary fibre on gastric emptying, postprandial blood glucose and insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes
22. Natural forms of vitamin e: Metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.035 ↗
23. Carbohydrate quality and human health: A series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9 ↗
24. Whole-grain intake and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: A systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies10.3945/an.115.011635 ↗
25. Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies10.1136/bmj.i2716 ↗
26. Phenolic compounds: Their journey after intake10.1039/C3FO60361J ↗
27. The Role of polyphenols in human health and food systems: A mini-review10.3389/fnut.2018.00087 ↗
28. Polyphenols, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease10.1007/s11883-013-0324-x ↗
29. Alkylresorcinol biosynthesis in plants: New insights from an ancient enzyme family?10.4161/psb.5.10.13062 ↗
30. Environmental degradation of the miticide cycloprate (Hexadecyl Cyclopro-panecarboxylate). 1. Rat metabolism10.1021/jf60215a008 ↗
31. Chemistry, natural sources, dietary intake and pharmacokinetic properties of ferulic acid: A review10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.039 ↗
32. Gamma-oryzanol: An important component in rice brain oil
33. Biomarkers of food intake and nutrient status are associated with glucose tolerance status and development of type 2 Diabetes in older swedish women10.3945/ajcn.117.152850 ↗
34. Higher alkylresorcinol concentrations, a consequence of whole-grain intake, are inversely associated with gestational Diabetes mellitus in Iceland10.1093/jn/nxaa449 ↗
35. Plasma alkylresorcinol metabolite, a biomarker of whole-grain wheat and rye intake, and risk of type 2 Diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in a Chinese population10.2337/dc17-1570 ↗
36. Wheat alkylresorcinols suppress high-fat, high-sucrose diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance by increasing insulin sensitivity and cholesterol excretion in male mice10.3945/jn.114.202754 ↗
37. Avenanthramide, a polyphenol from oats, inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and enhances nitric oxide production10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.07.027 ↗
38. Serreli, G., Le Sayec, M., Thou, E., Lacour, C., Diotallevi, C., Dhunna, M.A., Deiana, M., Spencer, J.P.E., and Corona, G. (2021). Ferulic acid derivatives and avenanthramides modulate endothelial function through maintenance of nitric oxide balance in HUVEC cells. Nutrients, 13.10.3390/nu13062026 ↗
39. Mechanism by which avenanthramide-c, a polyphenol of oats, blocks cell cycle progression in vascular smooth muscle cells10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.04.020 ↗
40. The antiatherogenic potential of oat phenolic compounds10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.01.044 ↗
41. Avenanthramide C suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and migration through the mapk/nf-κb signaling pathway in TNF-alpha-activated HASMC cells10.3389/fphar.2021.621854 ↗
42. Avenanthramides, polyphenols from oats, inhibit IL-1beta-induced NF-KappaB activation in endothelial cells10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.10.036 ↗
43. A simple and efficient method for synthesis and extraction of ethyl ferulate from gamma-oryzanol10.5650/jos.ess20180 ↗
44. The effects of oat ingredients on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats10.1111/jfbc.13402 ↗
45. Hypoglycemic effects of a phenolic acid fraction of rice bran and ferulic acid in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice10.1021/jf0714463 ↗
46. Influence of Oryzanol and Ferulic acid on the lipid metabolism and antioxidative status in high fat-fed mice10.3164/jcbn.09-98 ↗
47. Rice bran oil and oryzanol reduce plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and aortic cholesterol ester accumulation to a greater extent than ferulic acid in hypercholesterolemic hamsters10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.03.006 ↗
48. Guo, X.X., Zeng, Z., Qian, Y.Z., Qiu, J., Wang, K., Wang, Y., Ji, B.P., and Zhou, F. (2019). Wheat flour, enriched with gamma-oryzanol, phytosterol, and ferulic acid, alleviates lipid and glucose metabolism in high-fat-fructose-fed rats. Nutrients, 11.10.3390/nu11071697 ↗
49. Protective effects of ferulic acid on hyperlipidemic diabetic rats10.1007/s00592-003-0099-6 ↗
50. Ardiansyah, Ohsaki, Y., Shirakawa, H., Koseki, T., and Komai, M. (2008). Novel effects of a single administration of ferulic acid on the regulation of blood pressure and the hepatic lipid metabolic profile in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 2825–2830.10.1021/jf072896y ↗
51. Ferulic acid restores endothelium-dependent vasodilation in aortas of spontaneously hypertensive rats10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.11.008 ↗
52. Estimated intake and major food sources of flavonoids among australian adolescents10.1007/s00394-020-02218-z ↗
53. Tartary buckwheat flavonoids ameliorate high fructose-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress associated with the insulin signaling and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways in mice10.1039/C7FO00359E ↗
54. Antihypertensive effects of tartary buckwheat flavonoids by improvement of vascular insulin sensitivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats10.1039/C7FO00975E ↗
55. Mechanisms of antidiabetic effects of flavonoid rutin10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.001 ↗
56. The flavonoid rutin and its aglycone quercetin modulate the microglia inflammatory profile improving antiglioma activity10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.003 ↗
57. Epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) and rutin suppress the glucotoxicity through activating IRS2 and AMPK signaling in rat pancreatic beta cells10.1021/jf902618v ↗
58. Eating buckwheat cookies is associated with the reduction in serum levels of myeloperoxidase and cholesterol: A double blind crossover study in day-care centre staffs10.1620/tjem.225.123 ↗
59. The definition and measurement of antioxidants in biological systems10.1016/0891-5849(95)91457-3 ↗
60. Total antioxidant capacity of fruits10.1021/jf950579y ↗
61. Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: A review10.1002/jbt.10058 ↗
62. The role of oxidative stress, antioxidants and vascular inflammation in cardiovascular disease (A review)10.1016/j.vph.2015.03.005 ↗
63. Vitamin antioxidants and cardiovascular disease10.1097/00041433-199208000-00008 ↗
64. Vitamin C and risk of death from stroke and coronary heart disease in cohort of elderly people10.1136/bmj.310.6994.1563 ↗
65. Dietary intake and blood concentrations of antioxidants and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies10.1093/ajcn/nqy097 ↗
66. Pang, K.L., and Chin, K.Y. (2019). The role of tocotrienol in protecting against metabolic diseases. Molecules, 24.10.3390/molecules24050923 ↗
67. Novel tocotrienols of rice bran suppress cholesterogenesis in hereditary hypercholesterolemic swine10.1093/jn/131.2.223 ↗
68. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of tocotrienol rich fraction isolated from rice bran oil in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.015 ↗
69. Comparative hypoglycemic and nephroprotective effects of tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) from palm oil and rice bran oil against hyperglycemia induced nephropathy in type 1 Diabetic rats10.1016/j.cbi.2010.08.010 ↗
70. Protective effects of tocotrienols against lipid-induced nephropathy in experimental type-2 Diabetic rats by modulation in TGF-beta expression10.1016/j.taap.2013.09.004 ↗
71. Suppression of 7,12-Dimethylbenz[α]anthracene-induced carcinogenesis and hypercholesterolaemia in rats by tocotrienol-rich fraction isolated from rice bran oil10.1097/00008469-200312000-00002 ↗
72. Fukui, K., Shirai, M., Ninuma, T., and Kato, Y. (2019). Anti-obesity effects of tocotrienols and bran in high-fat diet-treated mice. Nutrients, 11.10.3390/nu11040830 ↗
73. The therapeutic impacts of tocotrienols in type 2 Diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.02.020 ↗
74. Vitamin E and cancer prevention: Studies with different forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols10.1002/mc.23160 ↗
75. Quantitation of tocotrienol and tocopherol in various rice brans10.1021/jf0621572 ↗
76. Tocotrienols, the vitamin E of the 21st century: Its potential against cancer and other chronic diseases10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.043 ↗
77. Di Vincenzo, A., Tana, C., El Hadi, H., Pagano, C., Vettor, R., and Rossato, M. (2019). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols: Clinical implications for vitamin e supplementation in diabetic kidney disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.10.3390/ijms20205101 ↗
78. Alpha-tocopherol attenuates the triglyceride- and cholesterol-lowering effects of rice bran tocotrienol in rats fed a western diet10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02228 ↗
79. Novel tocotrienols of rice bran inhibit atherosclerotic lesions in C57BL/6 ApoE-deficient mice10.1093/jn/131.10.2606 ↗
80. Rice bran extract prevents the elevation of Plasma Peroxylipid in KKAy Diabetic mice10.1016/j.diabres.2003.09.021 ↗
81. Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the Gastrointestinal Microbiota10.1080/19490976.2017.1290756 ↗
82. Dietary reference intakes: Implications for fiber labeling and consumption: A summary of the International Life Sciences Institute North America fiber workshop, 1–2 June 2004, Washington, DC10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00170.x ↗
83. Mechanism of action of dietary fibre in the human colon10.1038/284283a0 ↗
84. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 Diabetes in older women10.1093/ajcn/71.4.921 ↗
85. Dietary fibres, fibre analogues, and glucose tolerance: Importance of viscosity10.1136/bmj.1.6124.1392 ↗
86. Food ingredients that inhibit cholesterol absorption
87. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 Diabetes in younger and middle-aged women10.1093/ajcn/80.2.348 ↗
88. Tessari, P., and Lante, A. (2017). A Multifunctional bread rich in beta glucans and low in starch improves metabolic control in type 2 Diabetes: A controlled trial. Nutrients, 9.10.3390/nu9030297 ↗
89. Dietary fiber intake and risk of type 2 Diabetes: A dose–response analysis of prospective studies10.1007/s10654-013-9876-x ↗
90. US Food and Drug Administration (1997). Food labeling: Health claims; oats and coronary heart disease. Final rule. Fed. Regist, 62, 3583–3601.
91. Effect of beta-glucan from oats and yeast on serum lipids10.1080/10408399908500493 ↗
92. Changes in serum lipids and postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations after consumption of beverages with beta-glucans from oats or barley: A randomised dose-controlled trial10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602240 ↗
93. Oat beta-glucan reduces blood cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic subjects
94. Simultaneous intake of beta-glucan and plant stanol esters affects lipid metabolism in slightly hypercholesterolemic subjects10.1093/jn/137.3.583 ↗
95. Hypoglycaemic effects and inhibitory effect on intestinal disaccharidases of oat beta-glucan in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.076 ↗
96. Oat beta-glucan increased atpases activity and energy charge in small intestine of rats10.1021/jf3017496 ↗
97. Effects of consuming foods containing oat beta-glucan on blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism and biomarkers of oxidative stress in men and women with elevated blood pressure10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602562 ↗
98. The effect of beta-glucan on the glycemic and insulin index10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602561 ↗
99. Associations of whole grain and refined grain consumption with metabolic syndrome. A meta-analysis of observational studies10.3389/fnut.2021.695620 ↗
100. Putative metabolites involved in the beneficial effects of wholegrain cereal: Nontargeted metabolite profiling approach10.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.022 ↗