journal article·2023-01-30Open access

A Machine-Learning-Based Approach to Predict Deforestation Related to Oil Palm: Conceptual Framework and Experimental Evaluation

Tarek Sboui, Salwa Saidi, Ahmed Lakti

Applied Sciences· Volume 13· Issue 3

Abstract

Deforestation is recognized as an issue that has negative effects on the ecosystem. Predicting deforestation and defining the causes of deforestation is an important process that could help monitor and prevent deforestation. Deforestation prediction has been boosted by recent advances in geospatial technologies and applications, especially remote sensing technologies and machine learning techniques. This paper highlights the issue of predicting deforestation related to oil palm, which has not been focused on in existing research studies. The paper proposes an approach that aims to enhance the prediction of deforestation related to oil palm plantations and palm oil production. The proposed approach is based on a conceptual framework and an assessment of a set of criteria related to such deforestation. The criteria are assessed and validated based on a sensitivity analysis. The framework is based on machine learning and image processing techniques. It consists of three main steps, which are data preparation, model training, and validation. The framework is implemented in a case study in the Aceh province of Indonesia to show the feasibility of our proposed approach in predicting deforestation related to oil palm. The implementation of the proposed approach shows an acceptable accuracy for predicting deforestation.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Oil Palm Production and Sustainability · Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications · Remote Sensing in Agriculture

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Geology, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis Al-Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia

GREEN-TEAM Laboratory, INAT, Tunis 1082, Tunisia

Water, Energy and Environment Laboratory (LR3E), ENIS.Bpw 1172, Sfax 3038, Tunisia

References (64)

Show source-provided references
1. Deforestation and climate change
2. Chitra, N.T., Anusha, R., Kumar, S.H., Chandana, D.S., Harika, C., and Kumar, V.U. (2021, January 6–8). Satellite Imagery for Deforestation Prediction using Deep Learning. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS), Madurai, India.10.1109/ICICCS51141.2021.9432087 ↗
3. FAO, and UNEP (2020). Forests, Biodiversity and People, FAO.
4. Deforestation: Main Cause For Global Warming in Current Scenario
5. Evolution and current state of our understanding of the role played in the climate system by land surface processes in semi-arid regions10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.08.010 ↗
6. Epling, H. (2020). The Palm Oil Industry—Destructive or Sustainable? Defining Sustainable Palm Oil. [Bachelor’s Thesis, The College of Wooster].
7. Roundtable on Palm Oil (2022, October 12). History & Milestones RSPO. Available online: https://www.rspo.org/about.
8. Remote sensing and forest inventories in Nordic countries–roadmap for the future10.1080/02827581.2017.1416666 ↗
9. Franklin, S.E. (2001). Remote Sensing for Sustainable Forest Management, Lewis Publishers.10.1201/9781420032857 ↗
10. Review on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in vegetation remote sensing10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.12.010 ↗
11. The Biodiversity and Climate Change Virtual Laboratory: Where ecology meets big data10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.10.025 ↗
12. Ten iterative steps in development and evaluation of environmental models10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.01.004 ↗
13. Selecting among five common modelling approaches for integrated environmental assessment and management10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.05.005 ↗
14. Ciresan, D.C., Meier, U., and Schmidhuber, J. (2012, January 16–21). Multi-column Deep Neural Networks for Image Classification. Proceedings of the CVPR, Providence, RI, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2012.6248110 ↗
15. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., and Friedman, J. (2009). The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Springer.10.1007/978-0-387-84858-7 ↗
16. Big data and machine learning algorithms for health-care delivery10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30149-4 ↗
17. Dominguez, D., del Villar, L.D., Pantoja, O., and González-Rodríguez, M. (2022). Forecasting Amazon Rain-Forest Deforestation Using a Hybrid Machine Learning Model. Sustainability, 14.10.3390/su14020691 ↗
18. Prediction of land-change using machine learning for the deforestation in Paraguay10.11591/eei.v9i5.2532 ↗
19. Deep learning for the detection of early signs for forest damage based on satellite imagery
20. Machine learning information fusion in Earth observation: A comprehensive review of methods, applications and data sources10.1016/j.inffus.2020.07.004 ↗
21. Shi, W., Zhang, M., Zhang, R., Chen, S., and Zhan, Z. (2020). Change detection based on artificial intelligence: State-of-the-art and challenges. Remote Sens., 12.10.3390/rs12101688 ↗
22. A review of machine learning applications in wildfire science and management10.1139/er-2020-0019 ↗
23. Deep learning for forest inventory and planning: A critical review on 410 the remote sensing approaches so far and prospects for further applications10.1093/forestry/cpac002 ↗
24. A preliminary study of the suitability of deep learning to improve LiDAR-derived biomass estimation10.1007/978-3-319-32034-2_49 ↗
25. Stacked sparse autoencoder modeling using the synergy of airborne LiDAR and satellite optical and SAR data to map Forest above-ground biomass10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2748341 ↗
26. Carpentier, M., Giguere, P., and Gaudreault, J. (2018, January 1–5). Tree species identification from Bark Images using Convolutional Neural Networks. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Madrid, Spain.10.1109/IROS.2018.8593514 ↗
27. Innovative deep learning artificial intelligence applications for predicting relationships between individual tree height and diameter at breast height10.1186/s40663-020-00226-3 ↗
28. Fricker, G.A., Ventura, J.D., Wolf, J.A., North, M.P., Davis, F.W., and Franklin, J. (2019). A convolutional neural network classifier identifies tree species in mixed-conifer forest from hyperspectral imagery. Remote Sens., 11.10.3390/rs11192326 ↗
29. Deep learning-based tree classification using mobile LiDAR data10.1080/2150704X.2015.1088668 ↗
30. Mizoguchi, T., Ishii, A., Nakamura, H., Inoue, T., and Takamatsu, H. (2017, January 25–29). Lidar-based individual tree species classification using convolutional neural network. Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Videometrics, Range Imaging, and Applications XIV, Munich, Germany.10.1117/12.2270123 ↗
31. Zortea, M., Nery, M., Ruga, B., Carvalho, L.B., and Bastos, A.C. (2018, January 22–27). Oil-palm tree detection in aerial images combining deep learning classifiers. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2018—2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Valencia, Spain.10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8519239 ↗
32. Tree classification in complex forest point clouds based on deep learning10.1109/LGRS.2017.2764938 ↗
33. SLOAM: Semantic lidar odometry and mapping for Forest inventory10.1109/LRA.2019.2963823 ↗
34. Deep learning in remote sensing: A comprehensive review and list of resources10.1109/MGRS.2017.2762307 ↗
35. Ayrey, E., and Hayes, D.J. (2018). The use of three-dimensional convolutional neural networks to interpret LiDAR for forest inventory. Remote Sens., 10.10.3390/rs10040649 ↗
36. Contreras, J., Denzler, J., and Sickert, S. (2019, January 29–30). Automatically estimating forestall characteristics in 3D point clouds using deep learning. Proceedings of the iDiv Annual Conference, Leipzig, Germany. Available online: https://elib.dlr.de/133241/.
37. Canopy height estimation at Landsat resolution using convolutional neural networks10.3390/make2010003 ↗
38. Su, C., Wu, X., Tang, X., and Hu, J. (2018, January 6–8). Growth height prediction for the trees under overhead lines based on deep learning algorithm. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON), Guangzhou, China.10.1109/POWERCON.2018.8602122 ↗
39. Use of freely available datasets and machine learning methods in predicting deforestation10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.10.006 ↗
40. Chang, T., Rasmussen, B.P., Dickson, B.G., and Zachmann, L.J. (2019). Chimera: A multi-task recurrent convolutional neural network for forest classification and structural estimation. Remote Sens., 11.10.3390/rs11070768 ↗
41. Fire risk assessment in the Brazilian Amazon using Modis imagery and change vector analysis10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.02.004 ↗
42. Kehl, T.N., Todt, V., Veronez, M., and Cazella, S. (2015). Real Time Deforestation Detection Using ANN and Satellite Images: The Amazon Rainforest Study Case, Springer.
43. Rosa, I.M., Purves, D., Souza, C., and Ewers, R.M. (2013). Predictive modelling of contagious deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS ONE, 8.10.1371/journal.pone.0077231 ↗
44. Projecting Australia’s forest cover dynamics and exploring influential factors using deep learning10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.07.013 ↗
45. Li, W., Fu, H., Yu, L., and Cracknell, A. (2017). Deep learning based oil palm tree detection and counting for high-resolution remote sensing images. Remote Sens., 9.10.3390/rs9010022 ↗
46. Li, W., Dong, R., Fu, H., and Yu, L. (2019). Large-scale oil palm tree detection from high-resolution satellite images using two-stage convolutional neural networks. Remote Sens., 11.10.3390/rs11010011 ↗
47. Oil palm mapping using Landsat and PALSAR: A case study in Malaysia10.1080/01431161.2016.1241448 ↗
48. Xu, K., Qian, J., Hu, Z., Duan, Z., Chen, C., Liu, J., Sun, J., Wei, S., and Xing, X. (2021). A new machine learning approach in detecting the oil palm plantations using remote sensing data. Remote Sens., 13.10.3390/rs13020236 ↗
49. Ankenbrand, M.J., Shainberg, L., and Hock, M. (2021). Sensitivity analysis for interpretation of machine learning based segmentation models in cardiac MRI. BMC Med. Imaging, 21.10.1186/s12880-021-00551-1 ↗
50. Single-parameter sensitivity analysis for aquifer vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC and SINTACS
51. Sensitivity analysis in groundwater vulnerability assessment based on GIS in the Mahdia-Ksour Essaf aquifer, Tunisia: A validation study10.1080/02626667.2011.552886 ↗
52. Interaction behavior and load sharing pattern of piled raft using nonlinear regression and LM algorithm-based artificial neural network10.1007/s11709-021-0744-6 ↗
53. Land-cover classification and analysis of change using machine-learning classifiers and multi-temporal remote sensing imagery10.1007/s12517-017-2899-y ↗
54. Park, S., and Kim, J. (2019). Landslide susceptibility mapping based on random forest and boosted regression tree models, and a comparison of their performance. Appl. Sci., 9.10.3390/app9050942 ↗
55. Significant remote sensing vegetation indices: A review of developments and applications10.1155/2017/1353691 ↗
56. NDVI as indicator of degradation
57. Canty, M.J. (2014). Image Analysis, Classification and Change Detection in Remote Sensing: With Algorithms for ENVI/IDL and Python, CRC Press.10.1201/b17074 ↗
58. A python-based open source system for geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) utilizing raster attribute tables10.3390/rs6076111 ↗
59. A Complex Terrain Simulation Approach Using Ensemble Learning of Random Forest Regression10.1007/s12524-022-01585-w ↗
60. Martinson, E., Furlong, B., and Gillies, A. (2021, January 19–25). Training Rare Object Detection in Satellite Imagery with Synthetic GAN Images. Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), Nashville, TN, USA.10.1109/CVPRW53098.2021.00311 ↗
61. Deep Learning on Edge: Extracting Field Boundaries from Satellite Images with a Convolutional Neural Network10.1016/j.rse.2020.111741 ↗
62. Soomro, A.A., Mokhtar, A.A., Salilew, W.M., Abdul Karim, Z.A., Abbasi, A., Lashari, N., and Jameel, S.M. (2022). Machine Learning Approach to Predict the Performance of a Stratified Thermal Energy Storage Tank at a District Cooling Plant Using Sensor Data. Sensors, 22.10.3390/s22197687 ↗
63. A novel sensitivity-based method for feature selection10.1186/s40537-021-00515-w ↗
64. Innovative piled raft foundations design using artificial neural network10.1007/s11709-019-0585-8 ↗