journal article·2022-06-25Open access

Smart Attacks Learning Machine Advisor System for Protecting Smart Cities from Smart Threats

Hussein Ali, Omar M. Elzeki, Samir Elmougy

Applied Sciences· Volume 12· Issue 13

Abstract

The extensive use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has recently enabled the development of smart cities. Smart cities operate in real-time to improve metropolitan areas’ comfort and efficiency. Sensors in these IoT devices are immediately linked to enormous servers, creating smart city traffic flow. This flow is rapidly increasing and is creating new cybersecurity concerns. Malicious attackers increasingly target essential infrastructure such as electricity transmission and other vital infrastructures. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a resilient connectivity technology utilized to address security concerns more efficiently. The controller, which oversees the flows of each appropriate forwarding unit in the SDN architecture, is the most critical component. The controller’s flow statistics are thought to provide relevant information for building an Intrusion Detection System (IDS). As a result, we propose a five-level classification approach based on SDN’s flow statistics to develop a Smart Attacks Learning Machine Advisor (SALMA) system for detecting intrusions and for protecting smart cities from smart threats. We use the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) technique at all levels. The proposed system was implemented on the NSL-KDD and KDDCUP99 benchmark datasets, and achieved 95% and 99.2%, respectively. As a result, our approach provides an effective method for detecting intrusions in SDNs.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Network Security and Intrusion Detection · Machine Learning and ELM · Software-Defined Networks and 5G

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt

References (61)

Show source-provided references
1. Smart Cities: Recent Trends, Methodologies, and Applications10.1155/2017/7090963 ↗
2. Biomedical Healthcare System for Orthopedic Patients Based on Machine Learning
3. Anthopoulos, L.G. (2017). The Rise of the Smart City. Understanding Smart Cities: A Tool for Smart Government or an Industrial Trick?, Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-57015-0 ↗
4. (2022, March 10). ITU-T FG-SCC: Setting the Framework for an ICT Architecture of a Smart Sustainable City. Available online: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/ssc/Documents/website/web-fg-ssc-0345-r5-ssc_architecture.docx.
5. Nagothu, D., Xu, R., Nikouei, S.Y., and Chen, Y. (2018, January 16–19). A Microservice-enabled Architecture for Smart Surveillance using Blockchain Technology. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference, ISC2 2018, Kansas City, MO, USA.10.1109/ISC2.2018.8656968 ↗
6. Gao, J., Chai, S., Zhang, B., and Xia, Y. (2019). Research on Network Intrusion Detection Based on Incremental Extreme Learning Machine and Adaptive Principal Component Analysis. Energies, 12.10.3390/en12071223 ↗
7. The Internet of Things: A movement, not a market
8. Steinberg, J. (2015). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP-ISSMP CBK, CISSP.10.1201/b18468 ↗
9. El-Hasnony, I.M., Elzeki, O.M., Alshehri, A., and Salem, H. (2022). Multi-Label Active Learning-Based Machine Learning Model for Heart Disease Prediction. Sensors, 22.10.3390/s22031184 ↗
10. A clustering-based method for unsupervised intrusion detections10.1016/j.patrec.2005.11.007 ↗
11. Antonakakis, M., April, T., Bailey, M., Bernhard, M., Bursztein, E., Cochran, J., Durumeric, Z., Halderman, J.A., Invernizzi, L., and Kallitsis, M. (2017, January 16–18). Understanding the Mirai Botnet. Proceedings of the 26th USENIX Security Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
12. Santos, J., Leroux, P., Wauters, T., Volckaert, B., and De Turck, F. (2018, January 23–27). Anomaly Detection for Smart City Applications over 5G Low Power Wide Area Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium: Cognitive Management in a Cyber World, NOMS 2018, Taipei, Taiwan.10.1109/NOMS.2018.8406257 ↗
13. Effectiveness of HT-assisted sinkhole and blackhole denial of service attacks targeting mesh networks-on-chip10.1016/j.sysarc.2018.07.005 ↗
14. Tavallaee, M., Bagheri, E., Lu, W., and Ghorbani, A.A. (2009, January 8–10). A Detailed Analysis of the KDD CUP 99 Data Set. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence for Security and Defense Applications, CISDA 2009, Ottawa, ON, Canada.10.1109/CISDA.2009.5356528 ↗
15. Tang, T.A., Mhamdi, L., McLernon, D., Zaidi, S.A.R., and Ghogho, M. (2016, January 26–29). Deep Learning Approach for Network Intrusion Detection in Software Defined Networking. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications, WINCOM 2016: Green Communications and Networking, Fez, Morocco.10.1109/WINCOM.2016.7777224 ↗
16. Intrusion detection systems using classical machine learning techniques vs integrated unsupervised feature learning and deep neural network10.1002/itl2.232 ↗
17. Wang, B., Sun, Y., Yuan, C., and Xu, X. (2018, January 25–26). LESLA: A Smart Solution for SDN-Enabled MMTC E-Health Monitoring System. Proceedings of the 8th ACM MobiHoc 2018 Workshop on Pervasive Wireless Healthcare Workshop, Mo-bileHealth 2018, Los Angeles, CA, USA.10.1145/3220127.3220128 ↗
18. Dey, S.K., Rahman, M.M., and Uddin, M.R. (2018, January 13–15). Detection of Flow Based Anomaly in Openflow Controller: Machine Learning Approach in Software Defined Networking. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information and Communication Technology, iCEEiCT 2018, Dhaka, Bangladesh.10.1109/CEEICT.2018.8628105 ↗
19. Towards an efficient anomaly-based intrusion detection for software-defined networks10.1049/iet-net.2018.5080 ↗
20. Tang, T.A., Mhamdi, L., McLernon, D., Zaidi, S.A.R., and Ghogho, M. (2018, January 25–29). Deep Recurrent Neural Network for Intrusion Detection in SDN-Based Networks. Proceedings of the 2018 4th IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization and Workshops, NetSoft 2018, Montreal, QC, Canada.10.1109/NETSOFT.2018.8460090 ↗
21. An efficient flow-based multi-level hybrid intrusion detection system for Software-Defined Networks10.1007/s42045-020-00040-z ↗
22. Zheng, D., Hong, Z., Wang, N., and Chen, P. (2020). An Improved LDA-Based ELM Classification for Intrusion Detection Algorithm in IoT Application. Sensors, 20.10.3390/s20061706 ↗
23. Multi-level hybrid support vector machine and extreme learning machine based on modified K-means for intrusion detection system10.1016/j.eswa.2016.09.041 ↗
24. Gagandeep Effective network intrusion detection by addressing class imbalance with deep neural networks multimedia tools and applications10.1007/s11042-021-11747-6 ↗
25. A bidirectional LSTM deep learning approach for intrusion detection10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115524 ↗
26. An improved density peaks clustering algorithm based on grid screening and mutual neighborhood degree for network anomaly detection10.1038/s41598-021-02038-z ↗
27. Ramadan, R.A., Emara, A.-H., Al-Sarem, M., and Elhamahmy, M. (2021). Internet of Drones Intrusion Detection Using Deep Learning. Electronics, 10.10.3390/electronics10212633 ↗
28. A hybrid network intrusion detection system using simplified swarm optimization (SSO)10.1016/j.asoc.2012.04.020 ↗
29. Ambusaidi, M.A., He, X., Tan, Z., Nanda, P., Lu, L.F., and Nagar, U.T. (2014, January 24–26). A Novel Feature Selection Approach for Intrusion Detection Data Classification. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 13th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications, TrustCom 2014, Beijing, China.10.1109/TrustCom.2014.15 ↗
30. Intrusion Detection based on a Novel Hybrid Learning Approach
31. Cyber intrusion detection by combined feature selection algorithm
32. A feature selection algorithm for intrusion detection system based on Pigeon Inspired Optimizer10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113249 ↗
33. Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Smart City Network Security: Issues, Challenges, and Countermeasures
34. Xu, J., Palanisamy, B., Ludwig, H., and Wang, Q. (2017, January 25–30). Zenith: Utility-Aware Resource Allocation for Edge Computing. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 1st International Conference on Edge Computing, EDGE 2017, Honolulu, HI, USA.10.1109/IEEE.EDGE.2017.15 ↗
35. Arasteh, H., Hosseinnezhad, V., Loia, V., Tommasetti, A., Troisi, O., Shafie-Khah, M., and Siano, P. (2016, January 7–10). Iot-Based Smart Cities: A Survey. Proceedings of the EEEIC 2016-International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering, Florence, Italy.10.1109/EEEIC.2016.7555867 ↗
36. Everything you wanted to know about smart cities: The Internet of things is the backbone10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 ↗
37. Scalable machine learning-based intrusion detection system for IoT-enabled smart cities10.1016/j.scs.2020.102324 ↗
38. A Comprehensive Overview of Clustering Algorithms in Pattern Recognition10.9790/0661-0462330 ↗
39. Deep Learning model and Classification Explainability of Renewable energy-driven Membrane Desalination System using Evaporative Cooler10.1016/j.aej.2022.03.050 ↗
40. Caruana, R., and Niculescu-Mizil, A. (2006, January 23–27). An Empirical Comparison of Supervised Learning Algorithms. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.10.1145/1143844.1143865 ↗
41. Survey on deep learning with class imbalance10.1186/s40537-019-0192-5 ↗
42. Liu, T., Qi, A., Hou, Y., and Chang, X. (2008, January 25–27). Method for Network Anomaly Detection Based on Bayesian Statistical Model with Time Slicing. Proceedings of the World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA), Chongqing, China.10.1109/WCICA.2008.4593458 ↗
43. The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory
44. A novel statistical technique for intrusion detection systems10.1016/j.future.2017.01.029 ↗
45. A comprehensive survey on network anomaly detection10.1007/s11235-018-0475-8 ↗
46. Brown, J., Anwar, M., and Dozier, G. (2016, January 1–4). An Evolutionary General Regression Neural Network Classifier for Intrusion Detection. Proceedings of the 2016 25th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, ICCCN 2016, Waikoloa, HI, USA.10.1109/ICCCN.2016.7568493 ↗
47. A novel SVM-kNN-PSO ensemble method for intrusion detection system10.1016/j.asoc.2015.10.011 ↗
48. Bukhtoyarov, V., and Zhukov, V. (2014). Ensemble-Distributed Approach in Classification Problem Solution for Intrusion Detection Systems. International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning, Proceedings of the Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning–IDEAL 2014, 15th International Conference, Salamanca, Spain, 10–12 September 2014, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics).10.1007/978-3-319-10840-7_32 ↗
49. A survey of decision tree classifier methodology10.1109/21.97458 ↗
50. Kowsari, K., Meimandi, J.K., Heidarysafa, M., Mendu, S., Barnes, L., and Brown, D. (2019). Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey. Information, Switzerland. Information, 10.10.3390/info10040150 ↗
51. Extreme learning machine: Theory and applications10.1016/j.neucom.2005.12.126 ↗
52. Zhang, K., Hu, Z., Zhan, Y., Wang, X., and Guo, K. (2020). A Smart Grid AMI Intrusion Detection Strategy Based on Extreme Learning Machine. Energies, 13.10.3390/en13184907 ↗
53. Pradhan, A.K., Das, K., Mishra, D., and Mishra, S. (2021). Exploration of Hyperparameter in Extreme Learning Machine for Brain MRI Datasets. Intelligent and Cloud Computing, Springer. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies.10.1007/978-981-15-6202-0_46 ↗
54. Identification of power quality events: Selection of optimum base wavelet and machine learning algorithm10.1049/iet-smt.2018.5044 ↗
55. (2022, February 15). UCI Machine Learning Repository KDD Cup 1999 Data. Available online: http//kdd.ics.uci.edu/databases/kddcup99/kddcup99.html.
56. Thomas, C., and Balakrishnan, N. (July, January 30). Performance Enhancement of Intrusion Detection Systems Using Advances in Sensor Fusion. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Fusion, FUSION 2008, Cologne, Germany.
57. Using Semantic Web Technologies to Improve the Extract Transform Load Model
58. Kumar, D.A., and Venugopalan, S.R. (2018). A Novel Algorithm for Network Anomaly Detection Using Adaptive Machine Learning. Progress in Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering, Springer. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing.10.1007/978-981-10-6875-1_7 ↗
59. Salem, H., Negm, K.R., Shams, M.Y., and Elzeki, O.M. (2016). Recognition of Ocular Disease Based Optimized VGG-Net Models. Medical Informatics and Bioimaging Using Artificial Intelligence, Springer. Studies in Computational Intelligence.
60. Salem, H., Attiya, G., and El-Fishawy, N. (2016, January 23–25). Intelligent decision support system for breast cancer diagnosis by gene expression profiles. Proceedings of the National Radio Science Conference, NRSC, Alexandria, Egypt.10.1109/NRSC.2016.7450870 ↗
61. Signature Recognition Based on Support Vector Machine and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Multi-Region of Interest