Methods of Atmospheric Coherence Length Measurement
Source abstract
Abstract
Free-space optical (FSO) communication possesses the advantages of high security, large information capacity, high-speed transmission, small terminal size, low power consumption, easy and flexible deployment, etc. It is a promising communication technique, and could be an alternative to optical fiber communication and traditional radio frequency (RF) communication. One of principal challenges that FSO faces is the susceptibility of the atmospheric channel, which is turbulent in nature. After the optical signals propagate over the atmospheric channel, their wavefronts suffer from deleterious perturbation, thus resulting in degradation in the performance of the FSO. This knowledge with respect to FSO links helps to optimize the system design and reduce the adverse effects of atmospheric turbulence. The atmospheric coherence length of FSO links reflects the atmospheric turbulence effects, and it is one of the key parameters of FSO systems. Measuring the atmospheric coherence length, as a result, is of great interest as well as importance to the FSO community. In this paper, several methods associated with atmospheric coherence length measurement are reviewed.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Optical Wireless Communication Technologies · Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing · Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China
References (54)
Show source-provided references
1. The security of practical quantum key distribution10.1103/RevModPhys.81.1301 ↗
2. Free space continuous-variable quantum key distribution with practical links10.1364/JOSAB.405059 ↗
3. Chowdhury, M.Z., Shahjalal, M., Hasan, M., and Jang, Y.M. (2019). The role of optical wireless communication technologies in 5G/6G and IoT solutions: Prospects, directions, and challenges. Appl. Sci., 9.10.3390/app9204367 ↗
4. Free-space optical communications10.1109/JLT.2006.885252 ↗
5. Roadmap to free space optics10.1364/JOSAB.399168 ↗
6. Survey on Free Space Optical Communication: A Communication Theory Perspective10.1109/COMST.2014.2329501 ↗
7. Coherent free space optics communications over the maritime atmosphere with use of adaptive optics for beam wavefront correction10.1364/AO.54.001453 ↗
8. Slant-path coherent free space optical communications over the maritime and terrestrial atmospheres with the use of adaptive optics for beam wavefront correction10.1364/AO.56.000284 ↗
9. Li, X., Geng, T., Gu, Y., Tian, R., and Gao, S. (2021). Compensation for In-Phase/Quadrature Phase Mismatch in Coherent Free-Space Optical QPSK Communication Systems. Appl. Sci., 11.10.3390/app11062543 ↗
10. Computer Backplane with Free Space Optical Links: Air Turbulence Effects10.1109/JLT.2011.2177442 ↗
11. Free-space optical communication through atmospheric turbulence channels10.1109/TCOMM.2002.800829 ↗
12. Andrews, L.C., and Phillips, R.L. (2005). Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media, SPIE Press. [2nd ed.].10.1117/3.626196 ↗
13. Schmidt, J.D. (2010). Numerical Simulation of Optical Wave Propagation with Examples in MATLAB, SPIE Press.10.1117/3.866274 ↗
14. Andrews, L.C., Phillips, R.L., and Hopen, C.Y. (2001). Laser Beam Scintillation with Applications, SPIE Press.10.1117/3.412858 ↗
15. Laser differential image-motion monitor for characterization of turbulence during free-space optical communication tests10.1364/AO.52.008402 ↗
16. Performance enhancement of free-space optical communications under atmospheric turbulence using modes diversity coherent receipt10.1364/OE.26.028879 ↗
17. Gao, W., and Cvijetic, M. (2017, January 14). Evaluation of Air Turbulence Impact Based on Wavefront Reconstruction. Proceedings of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, San Jose, CA, USA.10.1364/CLEO_AT.2017.AM4B.3 ↗
18. Atmospheric turbulence characterization through multiframe blind deconvolution10.1364/AO.423084 ↗
19. Passive scintillometer: Theory and field measurements10.1364/JOSAA.438401 ↗
20. Effect of turbulence-induced correlation on laser remote sensing errors10.1063/1.92238 ↗
21. Measures, R.M. (1984). Laser Remote Sensing: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley-Interscience.
22. Optical Resolution Through a Randomly Inhomogeneous Medium for Very Long and Very Short Exposures10.1364/JOSA.56.001372 ↗
23. A saturation-resistant optical scintillometer to measure Cn210.1364/JOSA.68.000334 ↗
24. Statistical analysis of measured free-space laser signal intensity over a 2.33 km optical path10.1364/OE.15.014115 ↗
25. Numerical simulation of a large area scintillometer and laser differential image motion monitor10.1364/AO.442064 ↗
26. Effects of saturation on the optical scintillometer10.1364/AO.29.000548 ↗
27. Inner-scale dependence of scintillation variances measured in weak scintillation10.1364/JOSAA.9.001406 ↗
28. Ochs, G., and Cartwright, W. (1981, January 28). An Optical Device for Path-Averaged Measurements of Cn2. Proceedings of the SPIE 0277, Atmospheric Transmission, Washington, DC, USA.10.1117/12.931895 ↗
29. User’s Guide (2022). LOA-005 Long Baseline Optical Anemomete/Turbulence Sensors, Optical Scientific, Inc.. Available online: http://www.opticalscientific.com/.
30. Vorontsov, A.M., Vorontsov, M.A., Filimonov, G.A., and Polnau, E. (2020). Atmospheric Turbulence Study with Deep Machine Learning of Intensity Scintillation Patterns. Appl. Sci., 10.10.3390/app10228136 ↗
31. Saturation of the Large Aperture Scintillometer10.1007/s10546-005-9031-7 ↗
32. Saturation resistance and inner-scale resistance of a large-aperture scintillometer: A case study10.1364/AO.20.003822 ↗
33. Beyrich, F., Hartogensis, O.K., de Bruin, H.A., and Ward, H.C. (2021). Scintillometers. Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements, Springer.10.1007/978-3-030-52171-4_34 ↗
34. Tatarski, V.I. (2016). Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium, Courier Dover Publications.
35. Methods for evaluating the temperature structure-function parameter using unmanned aerial systems and large-eddy simulation10.1007/s10546-014-0001-9 ↗
36. Simultaneous observations of structure function parameter of refractive index using a high-resolution radar and the DataHawk small airborne measurement system10.5194/angeo-34-767-2016 ↗
37. Upper and middle tropospheric kinetic energy dissipation rates from measurements of Cn2—Review of theories, in-situ investigations, and experimental studies using the Buckland Park atmospheric radar in Australia10.1016/S1364-6826(97)00020-5 ↗
38. Radar measurements of turbulent eddy dissipation rate in the troposphere: A comparison of techniques10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<0085:RMOTED>2.0.CO;2 ↗
39. User’s Guide (2022). DELTA Imaging Path Turbulence Monitor, PM-02-600, MZA Inc.. Available online: https://www.mza.com/doc/misc/MZA_DELTA_PM-02-600_Specifications.pdf.
40. Zuraski, S.M. (2021). Profiling Atmospheric Turbulence Using a Dynamically Ranged Rayleigh Beacon System. [Ph.D. Thesis, Air Force Institute of Technology].
41. On the DIMM interpretation of non-Kolmogorov turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17333.x ↗
42. Bose-Pillai, S.R., McCrae, J.E., Rucci, M.A., Kwasniewski, E.M., and Fiorino, S.T. (2019, January 2–9). Estimation of Fried’s Coherence Diameter from Differential Motion of Features in Time-lapse Imagery. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.10.1109/AERO.2019.8742231 ↗
43. The ESO differential image motion monitor
44. Aristidi, E., Fanteï-Caujolle, Y., Ziad, A., Dimur, C., Chabé, J., and Roland, B. (2014, January 22). A new generalized differential image motion monitor. Proceedings of the SPIE 9145, Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes V, 91453G, Montréal, QC, Canada.10.1117/12.2056201 ↗
45. Estimation of atmospheric turbulence parameters from Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor measurements10.1093/mnras/sty3181 ↗
46. Atmospheric characterization with Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor for non-Kolmogorov turbulence10.1117/1.1428742 ↗
47. Near ground horizontal high resolution Cn2 profiling from Shack–Hartmann slopeand scintillation data10.1364/AO.438170 ↗
48. Atmospheric structure function measurements with a Shack–Hartmann wave-front sensor10.1364/OL.17.001737 ↗
49. Characterization of atmospheric turbulence phase statistics using wave-front slope measurements10.1364/JOSAA.13.002453 ↗
50. Numerical simulation of Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor to characterize the turbulence phase statistics10.1016/j.optlaseng.2005.04.012 ↗
51. Determination of the profile of atmospheric optical turbulence strength from SLODAR data10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10337.x ↗
52. Cn2 profile measurement from Shack-Hartmann data10.1364/OL.32.002659 ↗
53. Characterizing turbulence profile layers through celestial single-source observations10.1364/AO.443698 ↗
54. Turbulence profiling using pupil plane wavefront data derived Fried parameter values for a dynamically ranged Rayleigh beacon10.1117/1.OE.59.8.081807 ↗