journal article·2024-12-30Open access

Corrosion of Buried Pipelines by Stray Current in Electrified Railways: Mechanism, Influencing Factors, and Protection

Haiming Liang, Yuxi Wu, Bin Han, Nan Lin, Junqiang Wang, Zheng Zhang, Yanbao Guo

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 1

Abstract

Metal pipes are often interfered with by currents of irregular frequency and wavelength. This is called stray current interference. The corrosion of metal pipes caused by stray current interference is one of the many factors contributing to their deterioration. Pipeline corrosion and leakage caused by stray currents can significantly impact the safety, environment, and economy of the surrounding areas. Over the past few years, stray current interference has become one of the research hotspots in the petrochemical and natural gas transportation industries. This review article investigates accident cases caused by stray currents and compares the corrosion mechanisms of DC stray currents and AC stray currents, analyzes the influence of pipeline material, environment, voltage and current, stress, and other factors on corrosion, and puts forward corrosion protection measures, such as cathodic protection, coating technology, internal corrosion control, and means of detecting stray current corrosion. Finally, it provides an outlook on future research directions on corrosion protection against stray currents.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Corrosion Behavior and Inhibition · Structural Integrity and Reliability Analysis · Concrete Corrosion and Durability

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

ZhongKe (Guangdong) Refinery & Petrochemical Company Limited Sinopec, Zhanjiang 524076, China

College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China

China Special Equipment Inspection & Research Institute, Beijing 100013, China

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Multiobjective Optimization of the Integrated Grounding System for High-Speed Trains by Balancing Train Body Current and Overvoltage10.1109/TTE.2020.3041869 ↗
2. Stray Current Corrosion and Mitigation: A synopsis of the technical methods used in dc transit systems10.1109/MELE.2014.2332366 ↗
3. Novel method for prediction of corrosion current density of gas pipeline steel under stray current interference based on hybrid LWQPSO-NN model10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111592 ↗
4. Tang, K. (2024). Assessing Stray DC and AC Current-Induced Corrosion in Steel Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) in Railway Tunnelling Construction. Int. J. Civ. Eng.10.1007/s40999-024-01018-4 ↗
5. Corrosion of underground infrastructures under metro-induced stray current: A review10.1016/j.corcom.2023.08.005 ↗
6. Sibiya, C., Kusakana, K., and Numbi, B.P. (2018, January 3–5). Smart System for Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Running on Hybrid Renewable Energy. Proceedings of the IEEE Open Innovations Conference, Johannesburg, South Africa.10.1109/OI.2018.8535796 ↗
7. Influence of DC stray current on corrosion behavior of grounding grid materials in soils with different moisture content
8. On the interference mechanism of stray current generated by DC tram on pipeline corrosion10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104760 ↗
9. Effect of DC Stray Current on Corrosion Behavior of Q235 Steel in Red Soil
10. Stray current control in DC mass transit systems10.1109/TVT.2004.842462 ↗
11. Modeling and Analysis of Transformer DC Bias Current Caused by Metro Stray Current10.1002/tee.23221 ↗
12. Grounding Fault Diagnosis of Running Rails Based on a Multi-scale One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network in a DC Subway System10.1007/s40864-024-00222-8 ↗
13. Szymenderski, J., Machczyński, W., and Budnik, K. (2019). Modeling Effects of Stochastic Stray Currents from D.C. Traction on Corrosion Hazard of Buried Pipelines. Energies, 12.10.3390/en12234570 ↗
14. Electrochemical Corrosion Study of Buried Pipeline Steel X20 Affected by Stray Current
15. Dynamic Diffusion Model of Stray Current in DC Traction Power Supply System10.1109/TPWRD.2023.3240753 ↗
16. Li, Z., Niasar, M.G., Kavian, M., and Wild, F.d. (2020, January 17–19). Analysis of Stray Current Corrosion on Buried Pipeline due to HVDC Grounding Current. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), Delft, The Netherlands.10.1109/ISIE45063.2020.9152580 ↗
17. Numerical modelling of buried pipelines under DC stray current corrosion10.5599/jese.567 ↗
18. Research on corrosion rate assessment of buried pipelines under dynamic metro stray current10.1002/maco.202012082 ↗
19. Evaluation of metro stray current corrosion based on finite element model
20. Rail potential control with train diagram optimization in multitrain DC traction power system10.1080/23248378.2021.1964391 ↗
21. Negative Resistance Converter Traction Power System for Reducing Rail Potential and Stray Current in the Urban Rail Transit10.1109/TTE.2020.2991041 ↗
22. The Influence of Frequency of Alternating or Infrequently Reversed Current on Electrolytic Corrosion10.1109/T-AIEE.1916.4765386 ↗
23. Nielsen, L. (2005, January 3–7). Role of Alkalization in AC Induced Corrosion of Pipelines and Consequences Hereof in Relation to CP Requirements. Proceedings of the 59th Annual CorrosionNACExpo, Houston, TX, USA.
24. Effects of stray AC on corrosion of 3-layer polyethylene coated X70 pipeline steel and cathodic delamination of coating with defects in 3.5 wt-% NaCl solution10.1080/1478422X.2018.1436736 ↗
25. Synergistic effect of stray current and stress on corrosion of API X65 steel10.1016/j.jngse.2014.09.007 ↗
26. Corrosion of X100 pipeline steel under plastic strain in a neutral pH bicarbonate solution10.1016/j.corsci.2012.07.012 ↗
27. Electrochemical mechanism of stress corrosion cracking of API X70 pipeline steel under different AC frequencies10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.209 ↗
28. Corrosion by Alternating Current: Polarization of Mild Steel in Neutral Electrolytes10.1149/1.2120068 ↗
29. Effect of Flow Rate on the Corrosion Behavior of N80 Steel in Simulated Oil Field Environment Containing CO2 and HAc10.20964/2017.11.23 ↗
30. Panossian, Z., Filho, S., Almeida, N., Filho, M., Silva, D., Laurino, E., Oliver, J., Pimenta, G., and Albertini, J. (2009). Effect of alternating current by high power lines voltage and electric transmission systems in pipelines corrosion. NACE International Corrosion Conference Series, NACE International.
31. Progress in the mutual effects between AC interference and the cathodic protection of buried pipelines
32. Numerical Simulations of Factors Affecting Stray Current Corrosion on Pipeline10.1088/1755-1315/474/5/052089 ↗
33. Investigation of Alternating Current Corrosion of Cathodically Protected Pipelines: Development of a Detection Method, Mitigation Measures, and a Model for the Mechanism10.5006/1.3319160 ↗
34. Effect of alternating current density on corrosion behaviour of X65 steel in weakly alkaline soil environment without cathodic protection10.1177/1478422X241264925 ↗
35. Effects of AC Stray Current Density on Corrosion Behavior of X80 Pipeline Steel
36. Effect of Alternating Stray Current Density on Corrosion Behavior of X80 Steel under Disbonded Coating10.1155/2021/8833346 ↗
37. Experimental Study on the Influence of AC Stray Current on the Cathodic Protection of Buried Pipe10.1155/2016/5615392 ↗
38. Electrochemical studies on the alternating current corrosion of mild steel under cathodic protection condition in marine environments10.1016/j.electacta.2006.01.054 ↗
39. Evaluation of AC corrosion under anodic polarization using microzone pH analysis10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111219 ↗
40. Failure analysis of sour natural gas gathering and transportation pipeline
41. (2024, December 26). EN50152; Railway Applications. Fixed Installations. Particular Requirements for a.c. Switchgear. Available online: https://landingpage.bsigroup.com/LandingPage/Series?UPI=BS%20EN%2050152.
42. Influence of Subway Stray Current Corrosion on Buried Metal Pipeline
43. Chen, D., and Long, Y. (2013). A Set of Rapid Combined Testing Technology for Buried Pipeline Leak Detection. ICPTT 2013, American Society of Civil Engineers.10.1061/9780784413142.012 ↗
44. Research on Dynamic Stray Current Detection Method Based on SCM System
45. Magnetostrictive current sensor with high sensitivity and a large linear range for the subway10.1364/AO.439220 ↗
46. Application of steel thin film electrical resistance sensor for in situ corrosion monitoring10.1016/j.snb.2006.02.029 ↗
47. (2006). Standard of Steel Pipeline and Tank Corrosion Assessment-Steel Pipeline External Corrosion Direct Assessment (Standard No. SY/T0087.1-2006).
48. (2011). Standard for AC Interference Mitigation of Buried Steel Pipelines (Standard No. GB50698-2011).
49. (1985). Corrosion Protection of Metals; Electroplated Coatings; Technical Delivery Conditions (Standard No. DIN50925).
50. (2006). Evaluation of a.c. Corrosion Likelihood of Buried Pipelines—Application to Cathodically Protected Pipelines (Standard No. CEN/TS15280).
51. (2003). Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries—Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Transportation Systems—Part 1: On-Land Pipelines (Standard No. ISO 15589-1-2003).
52. (1997). Structural Design of Buried Pipelines Under Various Conditions of Loading—Part 1: General Requirements (Standard No. EN1295).
53. Research on AC corrosion behavior and corrosion product film evolution of X70 steel under the combined action of AC interference and CP10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110085 ↗
54. Stability Assessment of Pipeline Cathodic Protection Potentials under the Influence of AC Interference10.2528/PIERM17112704 ↗
55. Shabangu, T.H., Shrivastava, P., Abe, B.T., Adedeji, K.B., and Olubambi, P.A. (2017, January 18–20). Influence of AC interference on the cathodic protection potentials of pipelines: Towards a comprehensive picture. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE AFRICON, Cape Town, South Africa.10.1109/AFRCON.2017.8095549 ↗
56. Fu, W., Zheng, X.Y., Zhang, Z.L., Liao, Y.Z., Li, J.J., and Chen, S.S. (2015, January 19–21). The Problems and Countermeasures of Cathodic Protection Accepatnce of The Yili River Crossing by Horizontal Directional Drilling Method. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Materials Chemistry and Environmental Protection (MEEP-15), Sanya, China. 2016/03.10.2991/meep-15.2016.44 ↗
57. Effect of AC interference on cathodic protection monitoring10.1179/147842210X12722706885841 ↗
58. Effectiveness of using fibre-reinforced polymer composites for underwater steel pipeline repairs10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.12.019 ↗
59. Prevention and Treatment of AC Stray Current in Long Distance Natural Gas Pipeline
60. Development of a real-time AC/DC data acquisition technique for studies of AC corrosion of pipelines10.1016/j.corsci.2012.04.038 ↗
61. Bukit, F.R.A., and Hidayat, M. (2023, January 13–14). Analysis of the Effect of Addition of Bentonite Zeolite Bunch Ash and Coconut Kernel Oil as Earthing Media. Proceedings of the 2023 7th International Conference on Electrical, Telecommunication and Computer Engineering (ELTICOM), Medan, Indonesia.10.1109/ELTICOM61905.2023.10443150 ↗
62. Bai, F., Wang, S., Zhao, L., Cao, F., and Du, Y. (2023, January 28–30). Study on the Effect of Temperature and Water Content on Conductivity of Soil in Tibet of China. Proceedings of the 2023 2nd Asia Power and Electrical Technology Conference (APET), Shanghai, China.10.1109/APET59977.2023.10489753 ↗
63. Simulation of Influencing Factors of Buried Pipeline Interfered by Subway Stray Current10.54097/hset.v35i.7046 ↗
64. Xiaolong, L., Xiao, L., Nan, L., Tao, M., Jiwang, Z., Xuyun, Y., and Renyang, H. (2024, January 19–21). Numerical simulation of stray current corrosion of buried steel pipelines. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Optoelectronic Information and Functional Materials (OIFM 2024), Wuhan, China.
65. Analysis of external corrosion protection performance on buried gas pipeline using CIPS and DCVG methods10.1051/itmconf/20246101022 ↗
66. Chung, N.T., So, Y.-S., Kim, W.-C., and Kim, J.-G. (2021). Evaluation of the Influence of the Combination of pH, Chloride, and Sulfate on the Corrosion Behavior of Pipeline Steel in Soil Using Response Surface Methodology. Materials, 14.10.3390/ma14216596 ↗
67. Evaluation of Stray Current From a DC-Electrified Railway with Integrated Electric–Electromechanical Modeling and Traffic Simulation10.1109/TIA.2015.2429642 ↗
68. Evaluation of DC-Subway Stray Current Corrosion with Integrated Multi-Physical Modeling and Electrochemical Analysis10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2953960 ↗
69. Brenna, M., Dolara, A., Leva, S., and Zaninelli, D. (2010, January 25–29). Effects of the DC stray currents on subway tunnel structures evaluated by FEM analysis. Proceedings of the IEEE PES General Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, USA.10.1109/PES.2010.5589590 ↗
70. Influence Factors of Stray-Current Corrosion of Buried Metal Pipeline10.12677/APP.2019.95030 ↗
71. Study on Potential Interference of DC Stray Current on Buried Pipeline
72. Effects of alternating current interference on corrosion of X60 pipeline steel10.1007/s12182-015-0022-0 ↗
73. A Modeling Approach to Understanding the Interrelated Nature of Cathodic Protection Current and AC Stray Current on Pipelines10.5006/4272 ↗
74. Research on the stress corrosion and cathodic protection of API X80 steel under AC stray current interference10.1108/ACMM-03-2021-2463 ↗
75. Li, M., Wang, X., Yan, M., Shi, L., Wang, J., Zhao, W., and Li, X. (2020, January 3). Corrosion Behavior of Pipeline Steel with Stray Current Interference at Coating Defects. Proceedings of the ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, Online.10.1115/PVP2020-21823 ↗
76. Chen, L., Du, Y., Guo, L., Zhu, Z., Liang, Y., and Zhang, L. (2024). Corrosion Behavior and Evaluation Method of Pipeline Steel Under Dynamic AC Interference: A Study. Mater. Corros.10.1002/maco.202414607 ↗
77. Influence of Urban Rail Transit on Corrosion of Buried Steel Gas Pipeline10.20964/2021.06.02 ↗
78. Study on Distribution Characteristics of Metro Stray Current and Evaluation of Cumulative Corrosion Effect10.1155/2022/6845847 ↗
79. Experimental research on the corrosion of X series pipeline steels under alternating current interference10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.03.003 ↗
80. Effect of Alternating Stray Current and Stress on the Corrosion Behavior of X80 Pipeline Steel in Soil Simulated Solution10.20964/2018.06.17 ↗
81. Effect of alternating current on cathodic protection on pipelines10.1016/j.corsci.2012.09.028 ↗
82. Study on interference and protection of pipeline due to high-voltage direct current electrode10.1515/corrrev-2018-0089 ↗
83. AC corrosion of steel pipeline under cathodic protection: A state-of-the-art review10.1002/maco.202313955 ↗
84. (2002). Steel Pipes for the Transport of Fluids—Part 1: Technical Delivery Conditions (Standard No. CSAZ245.1-2002).
85. Study on corrosion rate of buried gas steel pipeline in Nanjing based on the GM(1, N) optimization model10.1088/1757-899X/490/2/022025 ↗
86. Application of solar photovoltaic electricity in unravelling the effects of coating defects on cathodic protection parameters of buried pipeline10.1088/1755-1315/1178/1/012002 ↗
87. A New Detecting Technology for External Anticorrosive Coating Defects of Pipelines Based on Ultrasonic Guided Wave10.1088/1755-1315/108/2/022073 ↗
88. A comprehensive review of corrosion protection and control techniques for metallic pipelines10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106885 ↗
89. Application of Inhibitor-Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes in Active Anti-Corrosive Coatings10.1002/adfm.200800946 ↗
90. Spatial interaction between collapsed pipes and landslides in hilly regions with loess-derived soils10.1002/esp.3325 ↗
91. Characteristics and causes of landslide deformation along Guizhou Section of Myanmar-China Oil and Gas Pipelines
92. Field monitoring of groundwater responses to heavy rainfalls and the early warning of the Kualiangzi landslide in Sichuan Basin, southwestern China10.1007/s10346-016-0717-3 ↗
93. A new measurement method for radial permeability and porosity of shale
94. Use of Polyurethane Coating to Prevent Corrosion in Oil and Gas Pipelines Transfer
95. Stress corrosion cracking of X80 pipeline steelat coating defect in acidic soil
96. Application of Plastic Tape to NATURAL GAS PIPELINE10.1108/eb043916 ↗
97. Alsaiari, H., Sayed, M., Reddy, B., Metouri, S., and Al-Taie, I. (2017, January 13–16). The Importance of the Stability of Cement Sheaths: Interaction Between Cement, Acid, Carbon Steel and Formation and Treatment Fluids. Proceedings of the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.10.2118/188922-MS ↗
98. Lyu, Y., Sun, W., Feng, T., Li, W., Jiang, Y., Zuo, C., and Wang, S. (2024). Anticorrosion Performance of Waterborne Coatings with Modified Nanoscale Titania under Subtropical Maritime Climate. Polymers, 16.10.3390/polym16131919 ↗
99. Zeng, X., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Cao, Q., and Cheng, X. (2024). Corrosion Behavior of Al2O3-40TiO2 Coating Deposited on 20MnNiMo Steel via Atmospheric Plasma Spraying in Hydrogen Sulfide Seawater Stress Environments. Coatings, 14.10.3390/coatings14050588 ↗
100. Nanomechanical and chemical characterization of the interface between concrete, glass–ceramic bonding enamel and reinforcing steel10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.066 ↗