Early Forest Fire Detection Using a Protocol for Energy-Efficient Clustering with Weighted-Based Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have proven to be incredibly useful for forest applications that rely on sensing technologies for event detection and monitoring. This radical sensing technology has revolutionized data gathering, analysis, and application. Despite the many advantages of this technology, one key drawback is the rapid drain on sensor batteries caused by their intensive processing activities and communication processes. The effectiveness of sensor nodes is strongly influenced by two factors: the amount of energy they consume and the length of their coverage lifetimes. Using our proposed method, we can find fire zones in a forest, detect and monitor battlefield surveillance, combat monitoring and intruder detection, and then wirelessly send all the information to a central station. So, extending the life of WSNs is essential to ensure that Sensor Nodes (SN) will always be available. Our proposed EEWBP (energy-efficient weighted-based protocol) technique uses a composite weighted metric that includes system elements such as the node degree, residual energy, the number of neighbors’ nodes, average flying speed, and trust value, which are evaluated separately and then added together to help in cluster-building and node-scheduling processes. Our proposed protocol makes it easy to set up many clusters of SNs, each with their own cluster head (CH). This way, data can be sent between clusters in a way that uses the least amount of energy and makes coverage last longer. After putting our cluster-based routing strategy in place, we tested how it worked and evaluated it with different network parameters. The simulation results show that EEWBP consumes less energy and maintains a higher level of consistency in the CH than coverage preserving clustering protocol (CPCP), coverage clustering protocol (CACP), coverage aware unequal clustering algorithm (CUCA), and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH). EEWBP also shows a better packet delivery rate and an improvement in first-node death.