An Insight into Probiotics Bio-Route: Translocation from the Mother’s Gut to the Mammary Gland
Source abstract
Abstract
Human breast milk (HBM) is unique in its composition as it is adapted to fulfil the newborns’ nutritional requirement and helps in improving the health of newborns. Besides various nutrients, the human milk also contains diverse group of microbiotas. The human milk microbiota has a remarkable impact on the growth and development of a newborn. Additionally, the human milk microbiota enhances the colonization of microbes in the gut of infants. Debates about the origin of HBM microbial flora remain premature and contradictory in some cases. Recent data suggest that the maternal gut microbiota has a major impact on microbial composition, areolar skin, and from the infant’s oral cavity. The current review investigates the possible route of microbial transfer from the maternal gut to mammary gland and suggests that it might occur through the entero-mammary pathway. It involves precise selection of probiotic microorganisms from the gut, as the human gut hosts trillions of microorganisms involved in gut homeostasis and other metabolic pathways. Gastrointestinal lymphatic vessels, macrophages, and dendritic cells are shown to play a significant role in the microbial transmission. Furthermore, the role of microbial factors in the development of neonatal immunity and translocation of secretory IgA (SIgA) cells from the intestinal lumen to GALT and finally to mammary glands via entero-mammary link are discussed.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Infant Nutrition and Health · Pediatric health and respiratory diseases · Infant Health and Development
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
Center for Safe and Improved Food & Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3 JG, UK
Research & Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Görükle Campus, Nilüger, Bursa 16059, Turkey
Department of Microbiology, P.S.G.V.P. Mandal’s, Arts, Science, and Commerce College, Shahada 425409, India
Arnold Palmer Hospital Pediatric Speciality Diagnostic Laboratory, Orlando, FL 32806, USA
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta 13220, Indonesia
Department Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese (TV), 24100 Kalamata, Greece
City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
Funding
Allcosmos Industries Sdn. Bhd. and Arif Efektiv Sdn. Bhd.
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