Comparative Study of the Presence of Heavy Metals in Edible Vegetable Oils
Source abstract
Abstract
Currently, the processes of obtaining and producing food as well as consumption habits give rise to new challenges for food safety. The presence of heavy metals in edible vegetable oils has harmful effects for humans. In this study, the scientific literature which reports the presence of heavy metals in different types of vegetable oils was analysed. More than 25 heavy metals are evaluated in 35 different oils from 24 countries. The widely studied metals are Cd, Pb, Cu, and Fe in olive oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, and corn oils, mainly in Brazil, Turkey, China, Iran, and India. Likewise, the presence of Antimony (Sb) as a product of migration from PET containers to edible vegetable oils is a topic of great interest in recent years. Additionally, the different analytical techniques used for this purpose and the standards are analysed. This study highlights the main findings and challenges in this research field.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Heavy Metals in Plants · Heavy metals in environment
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
University Institute of Research on Olive Groves and Olive Oils, GEOLIT Science and Technology Park, University of Jaén, 23620 Mengíbar, Spain
Funding
“Bioprocesses”
References (96)
Show source-provided references
1. FAO (2023, January 14). Sustainable Development Goals. Available online: https://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/goals/goal-2/en/.
2. FAO (2023, January 14). New FAO Report Reveals Food Insecurity, Nutrition Problems in Europe and Central Asia. Available online: https://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1070746/icode/.
3. Ministerio de Salud, and República de Chile (2023, January 17). Reglamento Sanitario de Los Alimentos (DTO. 977/96). Available online: https://www.minsal.cl/sites/default/files/files/DECRETO_977_96%20actualizado%20a%20Enero%202015(1).pdf.
4. Contaminaciones Alimentarias
5. Heavy Metals Contamination: Implications for Health and Food Safety
6. Contamination and Health Risks of Heavy Metals in the Soil of a Historical Landfill in Northern China10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137349 ↗
7. Interacciones Empaque-Alimento: Migración10.22395/rium.v13n25a7 ↗
8. Contaminación de Los Alimentos Durante Los Procesos de Origen y Almacenamiento
9. González Castro, M.I. (2006). Determinación de La Migración de Monómeros y Aditivos Plásticos de Envases Alimentarios. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Granada].
10. Cooper, I. (2007). Chemical Migration and Food Contact Materials, Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
11. Study of the Influence of Storage Conditions on the Quality and Migration Levels of Antimony in Polyethylene Terephthalate-Bottled Water
12. El Polietilén Tereftalato (PET) Como Envase de Aguas Minerales10.23853/bsehm.2017.0212 ↗
13. Barnes, K., Sinclair, R., and Watson, D. (2007). Chemical Migration and Food Contact Materials, Woodhead Publishing Ltd.10.1201/9781439824474 ↗
14. Maluenda García, M.J. (2023, January 14). Perspectivas Favorables Para El Sector de Aceites Vegetales. Available online: https://www.agrodigital.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Aceitesvegetalesjl19c.pdf.
15. Water-Washing to Reduce Metals in Oils Extracted from Nannochloropsis Algae for Potential FCC Feedstock10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.074 ↗
16. Performance Studies Removal of Chromium (Cr6+) and Lead (Pb2+) by Oil Palm Frond (OPF) Adsorbent in Aqueous Solution10.1016/j.matpr.2018.07.048 ↗
17. Extraction Induced by Emulsion Breaking for the Determination of As, Co, Cr, Mn, Mo and Pb in Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oil Samples by ICP-MS10.1039/C6AY03130G ↗
18. Microemulsion as Sample Preparation for Direct Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) Determination of Total Iron in Crude and Refined Vegetable Oils
19. Removal of Toxic Metals from Canola Oil by Newly Synthesized Calixarene-Based Resin
20. Multivariate Optimization for the Determination of Cadmium and Lead in Crude Palm Oil by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Extraction Induced by Emulsion Breaking10.1016/j.microc.2019.104401 ↗
21. Simultaneous Speciation Analysis of Inorganic Arsenic and Methylmercury in Edible Oil by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120646 ↗
22. Novel and Rapid Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction (HLLME) with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) Detection for the Determination of Copper in Vegetables10.1080/00032719.2019.1598425 ↗
23. Extraction Induced by Emulsion Breaking for Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn Determination in Edible Oils Using High-Resolution Continuous Source Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
24. Deep Eutectic Solvent Microextraction of Lead(II), Cobalt(II), Nickel(II) and Manganese(II) Ions for the Separation and Preconcentration in Some Oil Samples from Turkey Prior to Their Microsampling Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.006 ↗
25. Determination of Heavy Metal Elements in Different Vegetable Edible Oils in China10.14233/ajchem.2017.18675 ↗
26. Development of a New Method for Extraction and Preconcentration of Cadmium and Zinc Ions in Edible Oils Based on Heat-Induced Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction10.1007/s13738-019-01631-4 ↗
27. Analytical Method Validation and Determination of Iron and Phosphorus in Vegetable Oil by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry with Microwave Assisted Digestion10.1080/00032719.2017.1387554 ↗
28. Separation/Preconcentration System Based on Emulsion-Induced Breaking Procedure for Determination of Cadmium in Edible Oil Samples by Flow Injection-Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry10.1007/s12161-015-0112-z ↗
29. Spectrometric Determination of Iron and Copper in Vegetable Oils after Separation with Schiff Base Impregnated Silica Gel Column: A Simple Approach for Eliminating the High Organic Matrix10.1111/ijfs.12948 ↗
30. Ligandless Reversed-Phase Switchable-Hydrophilicity Solvent Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with Flame-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for the Determination of Copper in Oil Samples10.1016/j.microc.2020.104868 ↗
31. Heavy Metals Screening of Rice Bran Oils and Its Relation to Composition10.1002/ejlt.201400443 ↗
32. (2023, January 14). United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade, Available online: https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/oilseeds.pdf.
33. Chemical Characterization of a Variety of Cold-Pressed Gourmet Oils Available on the Brazilian Market10.1016/j.foodres.2018.04.064 ↗
34. Ultrasound-Assisted Single Drop Microextraction for the Determination of Cadmium in Vegetable Oils Using High-Resolution Continuum Source Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry10.1016/j.sab.2015.03.002 ↗
35. Extraction of Nickel from Edible Oils with a Complexing Agent Prior to Determination by FAAS10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.001 ↗
36. Deep Eutectic Liquid Organic Salt as a New Solvent for Liquid-Phase Microextraction and Its Application in Ligandless Extraction and Preconcentraion of Lead and Cadmium in Edible Oils10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.021 ↗
37. D-Optimal Mixture Design for the Optimization of Extraction Induced by Emulsion Breaking for Multielemental Determination in Edible Vegetable Oils by Microwave-Induced Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121218 ↗
38. Study of the Effects of Extraction Methods on Argan Oil Quality through Its Metal Content10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.08.039 ↗
39. Sample Preparation for Determining Heavy-Metal Contents in Fatty Oils
40. Multielemental Analysis of Camellia Oil by Microwave Dry Ashing and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
41. Temporal Trend of the Dietary Exposure to Metals/Metalloids: A Case Study in Tarragona County, Spain10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110469 ↗
42. The Impact of Partial Oil Substitution and Trace Metal Ions on the Evolution of Peroxidation Products in Thermally Stressed Culinary Oils10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131823 ↗
43. Emulsion Breaking-Induced Extraction of Cd and Pb from Oily Dietary Supplements Followed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Detection10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104651 ↗
44. Multivariate Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Using Doehlert Matrix for Simultaneous Determination of Fe and Ni in Vegetable Oils by High-Resolution Continuum Source Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.112 ↗
45. Determination of Arsenic Species Distribution in Extra Virgin Olive Oils from Arsenic-Endemic Areas by Dimensional Chromatography and Atomic Spectroscopy10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.011 ↗
46. Electrochemical Preconcentration Coupled with Spectroscopic Techniques for Trace Lead Analysis in Olive Oils10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120667 ↗
47. Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic and Lead in Vegetable Oil by Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry after Vortex-Assisted Extraction10.1080/00032719.2016.1263643 ↗
48. Interregional Traceability of Tunisian Olive Oils to the Provenance Soil by Multielemental Fingerprinting and Chemometrics10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.082 ↗
49. Total Polyphenol Content and Metals Determination in Spanish Virgin Olive Oils by Means of a Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Aerosol Phase Extraction Method and ICP-MS
50. An Effective and Rapid Magnetic Nanoparticle Based Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Method for the Extraction and Preconcentration of Cadmium from Edible Oil Samples before ICP OES Measurement10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103978 ↗
51. Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) with Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) Based Assay for Analysis of Lead (II) in Edible Oils10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132085 ↗
52. Ultrasound-Assisted Surfactant-Enhanced Emulsification Microextraction Using a Magnetic Ionic Liquid Coupled with Micro-Solid Phase Extraction for the Determination of Cadmium and Lead in Edible Vegetable Oils10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.132 ↗
53. Exploring the Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals Present in Vegetable Oils10.1080/03067319.2020.1803848 ↗
54. Direct Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Manganese, Lead and Zinc in Vegetable Oil and Fat Samples with Graphite Filter Furnace Atomizer10.1016/j.jfca.2014.10.002 ↗
55. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn from Edible Oils with Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide and EDTA Followed by Determination Using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.104 ↗
56. Preconcentration and Determination of Nickel (II) and Copper (II) Ions, in Vegetable Oils by [TBP] [PO4] IL-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Technique, and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103457 ↗
57. Analytical Extraction Procedure Combined with Atomic and Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Tin in Edible Oil Samples, and the Potential Application to Other Chemical Elements10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103759 ↗
58. Reverse Phase Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Coupled to Slotted Quartz Tube Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry as a New Analytical Strategy for Trace Determination of Cadmium in Fish and Olive Oil Samples10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103486 ↗
59. Accumulation and Risk Assessment of Metals in Palm Oil Cultivated on Contaminated Oil Palm Plantation Soils10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.01.016 ↗
60. Investigation of Trace Metals in Different Varieties of Olive Oils from Northern Cyprus and Their Variation in Accumulation Using ICP-MS and Multivariate Techniques10.1007/s12665-019-8581-9 ↗
61. Determination and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Imported Rice Bran Oil in Iran10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103384 ↗
62. Optimization of Simultaneous Determination of Metals in Commercial Pumpkin Seed Oils Using Inductively Coupled Atomic Emission Spectrometry10.1016/j.microc.2018.05.022 ↗
63. Determination of Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn in Edible Oils Using Reversed-Phase Ultrasonic Assisted Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry10.1134/S1061934818010069 ↗
64. Investigation of Trace Element Contents in Edible Oils Sold in Turkey Using Microemulsion and Emulsion Procedures by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry10.1016/j.lwt.2015.07.032 ↗
65. European Union (EU) (2023, January 18). Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/1317 of 9 August 2021 Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as Regards Maximum Levels of Lead in Certain Foodstuffs. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021R1317&from=EN.
66. European Union (EU) (2023, January 18). Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/1323 of 10 August 2021 Amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as Regards Maximum Levels of Cadmium in Certain Foodstuffs. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021R1323&from=EN.
67. Spain Export and Investment (ICEX) (2023, January 15). GB/T23347-2021. Recommended National Standard for Olive and Olive Pomace Oils Exported to the Chinese Market. Available online: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/sanidadExterior/docs/China_GB23347-2021_NormaAceitesOlivayOrujo.pdf.
68. Spanish Government (2023, January 18). Real Decreto 308/1983, de 25 de Enero, Por El Que Se Aprueba La Reglamentación Técnico-Sanitaria de Aceites Vegetales Comestibles. Available online: https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1983/02/21/pdfs/A04853-04858.pdf.
69. FAO/WHO (2023, January 15). 73rd Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) Meeting—Food Additives and Contaminants. Available online: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/fbf01686-b940-44c2-a077-1052740ad1c6/.
70. EFSA (2023, January 18). Cadmium in Food—Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Available online: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.980.
71. Codex Alimentarius (2023, January 15). General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed. Available online: https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXS%2B193-1995%252FCXS_193e.pdf.
72. OMS WHO (2023, January 15). Guideline for Clinical Management of Exposure to Lead. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240037045.
73. EFSA (2023, January 15). Scientific Opinion on Lead in Food. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). Available online: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1570.
74. FAO (2023, January 15). Standard for Named Vegetable Oils CXS 210-1999. Available online: https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXS%2B210-1999%252FCXS_210e.pdf.
75. EFSA (2023, January 15). Outcome of a Public Consultation on the Draft Scientific Opinion Ofthe EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) on Dietary Reference Values for Copper. Available online: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.EN-874.
76. A Review of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution from Industrial and Agricultural Regions in China: Pollution and Risk Assessment10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.068 ↗
77. Contenido de Plomo y Cadmio En Aceites de Girasol
78. Effect of Cadmium on Children’s Health in Prenatal and Postnatal Periods of Development10.26693/jmbs06.05.414 ↗
79. McLaughlin, M., and Singh, B. (1999). Cadmium in Soils and Plants, Springer.10.1007/978-94-011-4473-5 ↗
80. Assessment of Pb and Cd in Seed Oils and Meals and Methodology of Their Extraction10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.143 ↗
81. Determination of Toxic Metals Content Iranian and Italian Flavoured Olive Oil
82. Chemometric Identification of a Few Heavy Metals, Pesticides and Plasticides in Edible Sunflower Oil for Health Risk Assessment10.1080/10942912.2018.1494192 ↗
83. Tin Content Is a Possible Marker to Discriminate Argan Oil Against Olive, Sesame, Mustard, Corn, Peanut, and Sunflower Oils10.1002/ejlt.201800180 ↗
84. Assessment of Pb and Ni and Potential Health Risks Associated with the Consumption of Vegetables Grown on the Roadside Soils in District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan10.1007/s10661-022-10627-2 ↗
85. Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metal Content in Soybean Oil from Bangladesh10.3923/pjn.2016.565.571 ↗
86. A Preliminary Study of PCBs, PAHs, Pesticides and Trace Metals Contamination in Cold-Pressed Rapeseed Oils from Conventional and Ecological Cultivations10.1007/s13197-017-2575-y ↗
87. Mitochondrial Ferredoxin Determines Vulnerability of Cells to Copper Excess10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.005 ↗
88. Multivariate Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Determination of Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn in Vegetable Oils by High-Resolution Continuum Source Atomic Absorption Spectrometry10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.118 ↗
89. A Comparative Study of the Content of Heavy Metals in Oils: Linseed Oil, Rapeseed Oil and Soybean Oil in Technological Production Processes10.1515/aep-2016-0029 ↗
90. A Novel Automatic Flow-Batch Extraction Induced by Emulsion Breaking Platform for on-Line Copper Determination in Edible Oil Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123423 ↗
91. Concentration of Trace Metals in Some Major Edible Oils of Riyadh
92. Microwave-Assisted Digestion for Trace Elements Analysis of Tree Nut Oil: Evaluation of Residual Carbon Content10.1080/00387010.2018.1485704 ↗
93. Human Health Risk Assessment of Elevated and Variable Iron and Manganese Intake with Arsenic-Safe Groundwater in Jashore, Bangladesh10.1038/s41598-020-62187-5 ↗
94. European Union (EU) (2023, January 19). Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/1245 of 2 September 2020 Amending and Correcting Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 on Plastic Materials and Articles Intended to Come into Contact with Food. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32020R1245&from=en.
95. Determination of Trace and Major Elements in Vegan Milk and Oils by ICP-OES After Microwave Digestion10.1007/s12011-019-02024-7 ↗
96. An Optimized Method for Sample Preparation and Elemental Analysis of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130027 ↗