journal article·2021-02-11Open access

Wind-Induced Phenomena in Long-Span Cable-Supported Bridges: A Comparative Review of Wind Tunnel Tests and Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling

Yuxiang Zhang, Philip Cardiff, Jennifer Keenahan

Applied Sciences· Volume 11· Issue 4

Abstract

Engineers, architects, planners and designers must carefully consider the effects of wind in their work. Due to their slender and flexible nature, long-span bridges can often experience vibrations due to the wind, and so the careful analysis of wind effects is paramount. Traditionally, wind tunnel tests have been the preferred method of conducting bridge wind analysis. In recent times, owing to improved computational power, computational fluid dynamics simulations are coming to the fore as viable means of analysing wind effects on bridges. The focus of this paper is on long-span cable-supported bridges. Wind issues in long-span cable-supported bridges can include flutter, vortex-induced vibrations and rain–wind-induced vibrations. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of research on the use of wind tunnel tests and computational fluid dynamics modelling of these wind issues on long-span bridges.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Wind and Air Flow Studies · Fluid Dynamics and Vibration Analysis · Aerodynamics and Fluid Dynamics Research

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

Funding

China Scholarship Council

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Vibration Mechanisms and Controls of Long-Span Bridges: A Review10.2749/101686613X13439149156886 ↗
2. Dynamic wind effects on suspension and cable-stayed bridges10.1016/j.jsv.2014.06.009 ↗
3. Amman, O.H., von Kármán, T., and Woodruff, G.B. (1941). The Failure of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Federal Works Agency.
4. The action of flexible bridges under wind, I: Flutter theory10.1016/S0022-460X(78)80028-5 ↗
5. Aerodynamics of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge—60 Years Later10.2749/101686600780481356 ↗
6. Historical view of long-span bridge aerodynamics10.1016/j.jweia.2003.09.033 ↗
7. Experimental and numerical studies on flutter stability of a closed box girder accounting for ground effects10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2018.09.009 ↗
8. Zhang, C. (2020, May 26). Humen Bridge Remains Closed after Shaking, China Daily, Available online: https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202005/06/WS5eb23419a310a8b241153a80.html.
9. Holmes, J.D. (2004). Wind Loading of Structures, Spon Press.
10. Xu, Y.L. (2013). Wind Effects on Cable-Supported Bridges, Wiley.10.1002/9781118188293 ↗
11. Stonecutters Bridge, Hong Kong: Wind tunnel tests and studies
12. Aerodynamic aspects of the final design of the 1624 m suspension bridge across the Great Belt10.1016/0167-6105(93)90141-A ↗
13. Construction stages of the long span suspension Izmit Bay Bridge: Wind tunnel test assessment10.1016/j.jweia.2013.09.006 ↗
14. Experimental Investigation on Aerodynamic Behavior of a Long Span Cable-stayed Bridge Under Construction10.1007/s12205-017-0402-7 ↗
15. Investigation of vortex response of a twin box bridge section at high and low Reynolds numbers10.1016/j.jweia.2007.06.020 ↗
16. Effects of end plates and blockage of structural members on drag forces10.1016/0167-6105(89)90006-8 ↗
17. Zhuang, F.G., and Li, J.C. (2007). Effect of end plates on the surface pressure distribution of a given cambered airfoil: Experimental study. New Trends in Fluid Mechanics Research, Springer.
18. Simiu, E., and Scanlan, R.H. (1996). Winds Effects on Structures: Fundamentals and Applications to Design, Wiley.
19. Realization of a large-scale turbulence field in a small wind tunnel10.1016/0169-5983(91)90030-M ↗
20. The numerical computation of turbulent flows10.1016/0045-7825(74)90029-2 ↗
21. Predictions of Channel and Boundary-Layer Flows with a Low-Reynolds-Number Turbulence Model10.2514/3.51043 ↗
22. Development of turbulence models for shear flows by a double expansion technique10.1063/1.858424 ↗
23. A new k-ϵ eddy viscosity model for high reynolds number turbulent flows10.1016/0045-7930(94)00032-T ↗
24. Reassessment of the scale-determining equation for advanced turbulence models10.2514/3.10041 ↗
25. Wilcox, D.C. (2006). Turbulence Modeling for CFD, DCW Industries, Inc.. [3rd ed.].
26. Menter, F. (1993, January 6–9). Zonal Two Equation k-w Turbulence Models For Aerodynamic Flows. Proceedings of the 23rd Fluid Dynamics, Plasmadynamics, and Lasers Conference, Orlando, FL, USA.10.2514/6.1993-2906 ↗
27. Effective Inflow Conditions for Turbulence Models in Aerodynamic Calculations10.2514/1.29373 ↗
28. Spalart, P., and Allmaras, S. (1992, January 6–9). A one-equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows. Proceedings of the 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, USA.10.2514/6.1992-439 ↗
29. Correction to the Spalart–Allmaras Turbulence Model, Providing More Accurate Skin Friction10.2514/1.J059489 ↗
30. 3-D numerical simulation of airflow around a cubic model by means of the model10.1016/0167-6105(88)90009-8 ↗
31. Comparison of various revised k–ε models and LES applied to flow around a high-rise building model with 1:1:2 shape placed within the surface boundary layer10.1016/j.jweia.2008.01.004 ↗
32. Pope, S.B. (2000). Turbulent Flows, Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511840531 ↗
33. Appropriate boundary conditions for computational wind engineering models revisited10.1016/j.jweia.2010.12.008 ↗
34. Tracey, B.D., Duraisamy, K., and Alonso, J.J. (2015, January 5–9). A Machine Learning Strategy to Assist Turbulence Model Development. Proceedings of the 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Kissimmee, FL, USA.10.2514/6.2015-1287 ↗
35. Sensitivity and calibration of turbulence model in the presence of epistemic uncertainties
36. Progress in the development of a Reynolds-stress turbulence closure10.1017/S0022112075001814 ↗
37. Modelling the pressure–strain correlation of turbulence: An invariant dynamical systems approach10.1017/S0022112091000101 ↗
38. Recent advances on the numerical modelling of turbulent flows10.1016/j.apm.2014.07.001 ↗
39. Klajbár, C., Könözsy, L., and Jenkins, K.W. (2016, January 5–10). A modified SSG/LRR-É Reynolds stress model for predicting bluff body aerodynamics. Proceedings of the VII European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, Crete Island, Greece.10.7712/100016.1862.11680 ↗
40. Cross-wind effects on road and rail vehicles10.1080/00423110903078794 ↗
41. General Circulation Experiments with the Primitive Equations: I. The Basic Experiment10.1175/1520-0493(1963)091<0099:GCEWTP>2.3.CO;2 ↗
42. A numerical study of three-dimensional turbulent channel flow at large Reynolds numbers10.1017/S0022112070000691 ↗
43. On turbulent vortex shedding flow past 2D square cylinder predicted by CFD10.1016/0167-6105(94)00043-D ↗
44. Som, S., Sénécal, P., and Pomraning, E. (2012, January 20–23). Comparison of RANS and LES Turbulence Models against Constant Volume Diesel Experiments. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, San Antonio, TX, USA.
45. Spalart, P., Jou, W.H., Strelets, M., and Allmaras, S. (1997, January 4–8). Comments on the Feasibility of LES for Wings, and on a Hybrid RANS/LES Approach. Proceedings of the AFOSR International Conference, Ruston, LA, USA.
46. A New Version of Detached-eddy Simulation, Resistant to Ambiguous Grid Densities10.1007/s00162-006-0015-0 ↗
47. A hybrid RANS-LES approach with delayed-DES and wall-modelled LES capabilities10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2008.07.001 ↗
48. Modification to Improved Delayed Detached-Eddy Simulation Regarding the Log-Layer Mismatch10.2514/1.J058535 ↗
49. (2020, December 18). Amazon. Available online: https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/on-demand/.
50. Air foil and bridge deck flutter derivatives10.1061/JMCEA3.0001526 ↗
51. Simiu, E., and Yeo, D. (2019). Wind Effects on Structures: Modern Structural Design for Wind, John Wiley & Sons. [4th ed.].10.1002/9781119375890 ↗
52. WikiMedia (2020, December 18). The Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapsing on 7 November 1940. [Online Image]. Available online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tacoma-narrows-bridge-collapse.jpg.
53. A new technique for identification of eighteen flutter derivatives using a three-degree-of-freedom section model10.1016/j.engstruct.2003.07.002 ↗
54. Identification of flutter derivatives of bridge deck from free vibration data10.1016/0167-6105(94)00029-D ↗
55. Identification of flutter derivatives of bridge decks with free vibration technique10.1016/j.jweia.2010.09.005 ↗
56. Flutter derivatives from free decay tests of a rectangular B/D = 10 section estimated by optimized system identification methods10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.11.059 ↗
57. Amplitude and Turbulence Effects on Bridge Flutter Derivatives10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:2(232) ↗
58. Fariduzzaman Flutter analysis of cable stayed bridge10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.484 ↗
59. An enhanced forced vibration rig for wind tunnel testing of bridge deck section models in arbitrary motion10.1016/j.jweia.2017.02.011 ↗
60. Dynamic Performance of a Slender Truss Bridge Subjected to Extreme Wind and Traffic Loads Considering 18 Flutter Derivatives10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0001068 ↗
61. Free vibration numerical simulation technique for extracting flutter derivatives of bridge decks10.1016/j.jweia.2017.08.018 ↗
62. NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF FLUTTER DERIVATIVES VIA INDICIAL FUNCTIONS10.1006/jfls.1996.0022 ↗
63. Advanced flutter simulation of flexible bridge decks10.12989/csm.2012.1.2.133 ↗
64. Application of the k–ω turbulence model for a wind-induced vibration study of 2D bluff bodies10.1016/j.jweia.2008.08.002 ↗
65. Numerical simulations and experimental validations of force coefficients and flutter derivatives of a bridge deck10.1016/j.jweia.2015.04.017 ↗
66. Analysis of self-excited forces for a box-girder bridge deck through unsteady RANS simulations10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2016.02.007 ↗
67. Computational and experimental investigation of free vibration and flutter of bridge decks10.1007/s00466-018-1587-4 ↗
68. Investigation of flutter performance of a twin-box bridge girder at large angles of attack10.1016/j.jweia.2019.01.010 ↗
69. Linear and nonlinear aeroelastic analysis frameworks for cable-supported bridges10.1007/s11071-013-0984-7 ↗
70. Applicability of the standard k–ε turbulence model to the dynamic simulation of bubble columns: Part I. Detailed numerical simulations10.1016/S0009-2509(98)00420-5 ↗
71. Vortex shedding from oscillating bluff bodies10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.001211 ↗
72. Storebælt suspension bridge—Vortex shedding excitation and mitigation by guide vanes10.1016/S0167-6105(00)00054-4 ↗
73. Wind-Induced Vibration and Control of Trans-Tokyo Bay Crossing Bridge10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:8(1012) ↗
74. VORTEX SHEDDING OF BLUFF BODIES: A REVIEW10.1006/jfls.1999.0249 ↗
75. Mechanism of suppression of vortex-induced vibrations of a streamlined closed-box girder using additional small-scale components10.1016/j.jweia.2019.04.015 ↗
76. ALE-VMS methods for wind-resistant design of long-span bridges10.1016/j.jweia.2019.06.001 ↗
77. Time-frequency evolutionary characteristics of aerodynamic forces around a streamlined closed-box girder during vortex-induced vibration10.1016/j.jweia.2018.09.025 ↗
78. Experimental study on mitigating vortex-induced vibration of a bridge by using passive vortex generators10.1016/j.jweia.2018.01.046 ↗
79. Numerical analysis of freestream turbulence effects on the vortex-induced vibrations of a rectangular cylinder10.1016/j.jweia.2016.03.007 ↗
80. 3D LES simulations of a static and vertically free-to-oscillate 4:1 rectangular cylinder: Effects of the grid resolution10.1016/j.jweia.2019.06.012 ↗
81. Numerical evaluation of vortex-induced vibration amplitude of a box girder bridge using forced oscillation method10.1016/j.jweia.2019.104029 ↗
82. Numerical study on suppression of vortex-induced vibrations of box girder bridge section by aerodynamic countermeasures10.1016/j.jweia.2010.06.001 ↗
83. Wake control using spanwise-varying vortex generators on bridge decks: A computational study10.1016/j.jweia.2018.11.031 ↗
84. Effects of Secondary Elements on Vortex-Induced Vibration of a Streamlined Box Girder10.1007/s12205-020-0035-0 ↗
85. Rain-wind induced vibrations of cables stayed bridges10.1016/0167-6105(88)90179-1 ↗
86. Aerodynamic stability of four medium span bridges in Kyushu district10.1016/0167-6105(92)90127-V ↗
87. Rain-wind induced vibration of cables of cable-stayed bridges10.1016/0167-6105(92)90628-N ↗
88. FHWA (2007). Wind-Induced Vibration of Stay Cables (Report No. FHWA-RD-05-083), Federal Highway Administration.
89. Field observations of rain-wind-induced cable vibration in cable-stayed Dongting Lake Bridge10.1016/j.jweia.2006.07.001 ↗
90. Interpretation of field observations of wind- and rain-wind-induced stay cable vibrations10.1016/j.jweia.2009.09.004 ↗
91. Experimental Investigation on Quasi-Steady and Unsteady Self-Excited Aerodynamic Forces on Cable and Rivulet10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000961 ↗
92. Multi-mode responses, rivulet dynamics, flow structures and mechanism of rain-wind induced vibrations of a flexible cable10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2018.06.017 ↗
93. Study on the role of rivulet in rain–wind-induced cable vibration through wind tunnel testing10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2015.09.008 ↗
94. Initial condition and damping effects on rain−wind induced cable vibration10.1016/j.jweia.2018.02.011 ↗
95. A new large-scale dynamic rig to evaluate rain-wind induced vibrations on stay cables: Design and commissioning10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104334 ↗
96. Thin water film around a cable subject to wind10.1016/j.jweia.2007.02.007 ↗
97. 3D numerical analysis on wind and rain induced oscillations of water film on cable surface10.1016/j.jweia.2018.03.026 ↗
98. Experimental and theoretical simulations on wind–rain-induced vibration of 3-D rigid stay cables10.1016/j.jsv.2008.07.009 ↗
99. On the excitation mechanisms of rain–wind induced vibration of cables: Unsteady and hysteretic nonlinear features10.1016/j.jweia.2013.06.001 ↗
100. A numerical and experimental hybrid approach for the investigation of aerodynamic forces on stay cables suffering from rain-wind induced vibration10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2010.06.006 ↗