journal article·2023-03-29Open access

A Review of Knowledge Graph-Based Reasoning Technology in the Operation of Power Systems

Rui Liu, Rong Fu, Kang Xu, Xuanzhe Shi, Xiaoning Ren

Applied Sciences· Volume 13· Issue 7

Abstract

Knowledge graph (KG) technology is a newly emerged knowledge representation method in the field of artificial intelligence. Knowledge graphs can form logical mappings from cluttered data and establish triadic relationships between entities. Accurate derivation and reasoning of knowledge graphs play an important role in guiding power equipment operation and decision-making. Due to the complex and weak relations from multi-source heterogeneous data, the use of KGs has become popular in research to represent potential information in power knowledge reasoning. In this review, we first summarize the key technologies of knowledge graph representation and learning. Then, based on the complexity and real-time changes of power system operation and maintenance, we present multiple data processing, knowledge representation learning, and the graph construction process. In three typical power operation and fault decision application scenarios, we investigate current algorithms in power KG acquisition, representation embedding, and knowledge completion to illustrate accurate and exhaustive recommendations. Thus, using KGs to provide reference solutions and decision guidance has a significant role in improving the efficiency of power system operations. Finally, we summarize the achievements and difficulties of current research and give an outlook for future, promising roles of KG in power systems.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advanced Graph Neural Networks · Topic Modeling · Rough Sets and Fuzzy Logic

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Bell Honor School, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China

College of Automation & College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China

School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China

School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China

Funding

STITP (Science and Technology Innovation Training Program) of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications · Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Perspectives on future power system control centers for energy transition10.35833/MPCE.2021.000673 ↗
2. Multilayer internet-of-things middleware based on knowledge graph10.1109/JIOT.2020.3019707 ↗
3. Nodeformer: A scalable graph structure learning transformer for node classification
4. Big Data and Knowledge Graph Based Fault Diagnosis for Electric Power Systems10.4108/eetinis.v9i32.1268 ↗
5. Liu, Z., Qin, L., Yu, X., and Wu, F. (2022, January 15–16). Fault section identification method of intelligent distribution network based on Fuzzy Petri net and multi-source data. Proceedings of the 2022 14th International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA), Changsha, China.10.1109/ICMTMA54903.2022.00074 ↗
6. Kundacina, O., Cosovic, M., and Vukobratovic, D. (2022). State estimation in electric power systems leveraging graph neural networks. arXiv.10.36227/techrxiv.18131207.v2 ↗
7. Muennighoff, N. (2022). Sgpt: Gpt sentence embeddings for semantic search. arXiv.
8. A knowledge graph-based data representation approach for IIoT-enabled cognitive manufacturing10.1016/j.aei.2021.101515 ↗
9. SMR: Medical knowledge graph embedding for safe medicine recommendation10.1016/j.bdr.2020.100174 ↗
10. Traditional Chinese medicine automated diagnosis based on knowledge graph reasoning
11. Zhao, Y., Du, H., Liu, Y., Wei, S., Chen, X., Zhuang, F., Li, Q., and Kou, G. (2022). Stock Movement Prediction Based on Bi-Typed Hybrid-Relational Market Knowledge Graph Via Dual Attention Networks. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng.10.1109/TKDE.2022.3220520 ↗
12. Financial fraud detection using the related-party transaction knowledge graph10.1016/j.procs.2022.01.091 ↗
13. A subgraph matching algorithm based on subgraph index for knowledge graph10.1007/s11704-020-0360-y ↗
14. Achieving Knowledge-as-a-Service in IIoT-driven smart manufacturing: A crowdsourcing-based continuous enrichment method for Industrial Knowledge Graph10.1016/j.aei.2021.101494 ↗
15. Xu, C., Nayyeri, M., Alkhoury, F., Yazdi, H.S., and Lehmann, J. (2019). Temporal knowledge graph embedding model based on additive time series decomposition. arXiv.
16. A survey on knowledge graphs: Representation, acquisition, and applications10.1109/TNNLS.2021.3070843 ↗
17. Kor, Y., Tan, L., Reformat, M.Z., and Musilek, P. (2020, January 7–8). Gridkg: Knowledge graph representation of distribution grid data. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Electric Power and Energy Conference (EPEC), Virtual.10.1109/EPEC48502.2020.9320066 ↗
18. Ou, Q., Zheng, W., Qi, W., Fang, J., Liu, Z., and Zhu, Y. (2020, January 17–19). Research on the Construction Method of Knowledge Graph for Electric Power Wireless Private Network. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 10th International Conference on Electronics Information and Emergency Communication (ICEIEC), Beijing, China.10.1109/ICEIEC49280.2020.9152356 ↗
19. A review of the semantic web field10.1145/3397512 ↗
20. Computing semantic similarity of concepts in knowledge graphs10.1109/TKDE.2016.2610428 ↗
21. The analysis of research frontier and hot topics about knowledge discovery (KD) based on mapping knowledge domain10.1109/ICIE.2010.102 ↗
22. Schema reasoning and semantic representation for citation semantic link network10.1109/IITA.2009.445 ↗
23. GeoTriples: Transforming geospatial data into RDF graphs using R2RML and RML mappings10.1016/j.websem.2018.08.003 ↗
24. A deep learning method with wrapper based feature extraction for wireless intrusion detection system10.1016/j.cose.2020.101752 ↗
25. Su, Z., Hao, M., Zhang, Q., Chai, B., and Zhao, T. (2020, January 15–18). Automatic knowledge graph construction based on relational data of power terminal equipment. Proceedings of the 2020 5th International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems (ICCCS), Shanghai, China.10.1109/ICCCS49078.2020.9118512 ↗
26. ASTRAL: Adversarial trained LSTM-CNN for named entity recognition10.1016/j.knosys.2020.105842 ↗
27. An instance transfer-based approach using enhanced recurrent neural network for domain named entity recognition10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2974022 ↗
28. End-to-End Chinese Entity Recognition Based on BERT-BiLSTM-ATT-CRF
29. Misawa, S., Taniguchi, M., Miura, Y., and Ohkuma, T. (2017, January 7). Character-based Bidirectional LSTM-CRF with words and characters for Japanese Named Entity Recognition. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in NLP, Copenhagen, Denmark.10.18653/v1/W17-4114 ↗
30. Ma, X., and Hovy, E. (2016). End-to-end sequence labeling via bi-directional lstm-cnns-crf. arXiv.10.18653/v1/P16-1101 ↗
31. Kane, B., Rossi, F., Guinaudeau, O., Chiesa, V., Quénel, I., and Chau, S. (2020, January 12–18). Joint Intent Detection and Slot Filling via CNN-LSTM-CRF. Proceedings of the 2020 6th IEEE Congress on Information Science and Technology (CiSt), Agadir, Morocco.10.1109/CiSt49399.2021.9357183 ↗
32. Santos, C.N., Xiang, B., and Zhou, B. (2015). Classifying relations by ranking with convolutional neural networks. arXiv.10.3115/v1/P15-1061 ↗
33. Wang, L., Cao, Z., De Melo, G., and Liu, Z. (2016, January 7–12). Relation classification via multi-level attention cnns. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Berlin, Germany.10.18653/v1/P16-1123 ↗
34. Zhou, P., Shi, W., Tian, J., Qi, Z., Li, B., Hao, H., and Xu, B. (2016, January 7–12). Attention-based bidirectional long short-term memory networks for relation classification. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Berlin, Germany.10.18653/v1/P16-2034 ↗
35. Xu, K., Feng, Y., Huang, S., and Zhao, D. (2015). Semantic relation classification via convolutional neural networks with simple negative sampling. arXiv.10.18653/v1/D15-1062 ↗
36. Liu, Y., Wei, F., Li, S., Ji, H., Zhou, M., and Wang, H. (2015). A dependency-based neural network for relation classification. arXiv.10.3115/v1/P15-2047 ↗
37. Zeng, D., Liu, K., Lai, S., Zhou, G., and Zhao, J. (2014, January 23–29). Relation classification via convolutional deep neural network. Proceedings of the COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers, Dublin, Ireland.
38. Miwa, M., and Bansal, M. (2016). End-to-end relation extraction using lstms on sequences and tree structures. arXiv.10.18653/v1/P16-1105 ↗
39. Distant supervision for neural relation extraction integrated with word attention and property features10.1016/j.neunet.2018.01.006 ↗
40. Distantly supervised relation extraction using global hierarchy embeddings and local probability constraints10.1016/j.knosys.2021.107637 ↗
41. Feng, J., Huang, M., Zhao, L., Yang, Y., and Zhu, X. (2018, January 2–7). Reinforcement learning for relation classification from noisy data. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, New Orleans, LA, USA.10.1609/aaai.v32i1.12063 ↗
42. A joint model for entity and relation extraction based on BERT10.1007/s00521-021-05815-z ↗
43. Tan, Y., Xu, H., Yan, D., Peng, G., and Wang, F. (2021, January 26–29). Automatic Construction of Knowledge Graph and Its Application in Electric Power System. Proceedings of the 2021 3rd Asia Energy and Electrical Engineering Symposium (AEEES), Chengdu, China.10.1109/AEEES51875.2021.9403122 ↗
44. An intelligent approach for the design and development of a personalized system of knowledge representation10.1016/j.procs.2019.04.176 ↗
45. De Vos, A., and Rowbotham, C.T. (2001, January 20–24). Knowledge representation for power system modelling. Proceedings of the PICA 2001, Innovative Computing for Power-Electric Energy Meets the Market, 22nd IEEE Power Engineering Society. International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications (Cat. No. 01CH37195), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
46. OWL web ontology language overview
47. A Position Weighted Information Based Word Embedding Model for Machine Translation10.1142/S0218213020400059 ↗
48. Bhattarai, M., Kharat, N., Skau, E., Nebgen, B., Djidjev, H., Rajopadhye, S., and Alexandrov, B. (2022). Distributed non-negative RESCAL with Automatic Model Selection for Exascale Data. arXiv.10.2139/ssrn.4068363 ↗
49. Chen, P., Wang, Y., Yu, Q., and Fan, Q. (2020, January 18–20). TransRESCAL: A Dense Feature Model for Knowledge Graph Completion. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Progress in Informatics and Computing (PIC), Online.10.1109/PIC50277.2020.9350837 ↗
50. Chekalina, V., Razzhigaev, A., Sayapin, A., Frolov, E., and Panchenko, A. (2022). MEKER: Memory Efficient Knowledge Embedding Representation for Link Prediction and Question Answering. arXiv.10.18653/v1/2022.acl-srw.27 ↗
51. Structural context-based knowledge graph embedding for link prediction10.1016/j.neucom.2021.10.088 ↗
52. Knowledge graph embedding by logical-default attention graph convolution neural network for link prediction10.1016/j.ins.2022.01.076 ↗
53. Knowledge Mining of Low Specific Speed Centrifugal Pump Impeller Based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Method10.1007/s11630-020-1356-5 ↗
54. Graph neural entity disambiguation10.1016/j.knosys.2020.105620 ↗
55. Open-world knowledge graph completion for unseen entities and relations via attentive feature aggregation10.1016/j.ins.2021.11.085 ↗
56. Shen, W., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Han, J., Wang, J., and Yuan, X. (2021). Entity linking meets deep learning: Techniques and solutions. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Eng.10.1109/TKDE.2021.3117715 ↗
57. Rule mining over knowledge graphs via reinforcement learning10.1016/j.knosys.2022.108371 ↗
58. Mitchell, T.M., Betteridge, J., Carlson, A., Hruschka, E., and Wang, R. (2009, January 25–29). Populating the semantic web by macro-reading internet text. Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference, Westfields, UK.10.1007/978-3-642-04930-9_66 ↗
59. Geiger, B.C. (2022). Information-Theoretic Reduction of Markov Chains. arXiv.
60. A Novel Multilayer Model for Link Prediction in Online Social Networks Based on Reliable Paths10.1142/S0219649222500253 ↗
61. Mazumder, S., and Liu, B. (2017). Context-aware path ranking for knowledge base completion. arXiv.10.24963/ijcai.2017/166 ↗
62. An algorithm for the ranking of shortest paths10.1016/0377-2217(93)90095-5 ↗
63. Lao, N., Mitchell, T., and Cohen, W. (2011, January 27–29). Random walk inference and learning in a large scale knowledge base. Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Edinburgh, UK.
64. Multi-source knowledge fusion: A survey10.1007/s11280-020-00811-0 ↗
65. Multi-ontology fusion and rule development to facilitate automated code compliance checking using BIM and rule-based reasoning10.1016/j.aei.2021.101449 ↗
66. Cao, T., Zeng, S., Xu, X., Mansur, M., and Chang, B. (2022). DISK: Domain-constrained Instance Sketch for Math Word Problem Generation. arXiv.
67. Pryzant, R., Yang, Z., Xu, Y., Zhu, C., and Zeng, M. (2022). Automatic Rule Induction for Efficient Semi-Supervised Learning. arXiv.10.18653/v1/2022.findings-emnlp.3 ↗
68. A review: Knowledge reasoning over knowledge graph10.1016/j.eswa.2019.112948 ↗
69. Joint semantics and data-driven path representation for knowledge graph reasoning10.1016/j.neucom.2022.02.011 ↗
70. Lloyd, J.W. (2012). Foundations of Logic Programming, Springer Science & Business Media.
71. Wang, D., Hu, P., Wałęga, P.A., and Grau, B.C. (March, January 22). Meteor: Practical reasoning in datalog with metric temporal operators. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
72. Translating embeddings for modeling multi-relational data
73. Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Feng, J., and Chen, Z. (2014, January 27–31). Knowledge graph embedding by translating on hyperplanes. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Québec City, QC, Canada.10.1609/aaai.v28i1.8870 ↗
74. Huang, W., Li, G., and Jin, Z. (2017, January 19–20). Improved knowledge base completion by the path-augmented TransR model. Proceedings of the Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management: 10th International Conference, KSEM 2017, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Proceedings 10.10.1007/978-3-319-63558-3_13 ↗
75. Ji, G., He, S., Xu, L., Liu, K., and Zhao, J. (2015, January 26–31). Knowledge graph embedding via dynamic mapping matrix. Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, Beijing, China.10.3115/v1/P15-1067 ↗
76. Xiao, H., Huang, M., Hao, Y., and Zhu, X. (2015). Transg: A generative mixture model for knowledge graph embedding. arXiv.10.18653/v1/P16-1219 ↗
77. Zhang, X., Yang, Q., and Xu, D. (2022). TranS: Transition-based Knowledge Graph Embedding with Synthetic Relation Representation. arXiv.10.18653/v1/2022.findings-emnlp.86 ↗
78. Knowledge transfer for out-of-knowledge-base entities: Improving graph-neural-network-based embedding using convolutional layers10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3019592 ↗
79. Wang, Z., Li, L., Li, Q., Song, F., and Wang, J. (2019, January 14–19). Multimodal data enhanced representation learning for knowledge graphs. Proceedings of the 2019 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Budapest, Hungary.10.1109/IJCNN.2019.8852079 ↗
80. A comprehensive survey of graph neural networks for knowledge graphs10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3191784 ↗
81. Miller, G.A. (1998). WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database, MIT Press.
82. Pellissier Tanon, T., Weikum, G., and Suchanek, F. (2020, January 2–4). Yago 4: A reasonable knowledge base. Proceedings of the European Semantic Web Conference, Online.10.1007/978-3-030-49461-2_34 ↗
83. Auer, S., Bizer, C., Kobilarov, G., Lehmann, J., Cyganiak, R., and Ives, Z. Dbpedia: A nucleus for a web of open data. Proceedings of the The Semantic Web.
84. Bollacker, K., Evans, C., Paritosh, P., Sturge, T., and Taylor, J. (2008, January 9–12). Freebase: A collaboratively created graph database for structuring human knowledge. Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, Vancouver, BC, Canada.10.1145/1376616.1376746 ↗
85. Jia, Y., Wang, Y., Cheng, X., Jin, X., and Guo, J. (2014, January 17–20). OpenKN: An open knowledge computational engine for network big data. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM 2014), Beijing, China.10.1109/ASONAM.2014.6921655 ↗
86. Wikidata: A free collaborative knowledgebase10.1145/2629489 ↗
87. A survey on the development status and application prospects of knowledge graph in smart grids10.1049/gtd2.12040 ↗
88. Construction and application of knowledge graph for intelligent dispatching and control
89. Zheng, S., Wang, F., Bao, H., Hao, Y., Zhou, P., and Xu, B. (2017). Joint extraction of entities and relations based on a novel tagging scheme. arXiv.10.18653/v1/P17-1113 ↗
90. Xinjie, Z., Lingxu, G., Jian, W., Xu, L., Yuze, Z., and Shengnan, L. (2021, January 9–11). A Construction Method for the Knowledge Graph of Power Grid Supervision Business. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 4th International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Engineering (REPE), Beijing, China.10.1109/REPE52765.2021.9616976 ↗
91. Lin, Y., Han, X., Xie, R., Liu, Z., and Sun, M. (2018). Knowledge representation learning: A quantitative review. arXiv.
92. Zhang, Y. (2021). Knowledge Reasoning with Graph Neural Networks, Georgia Institute of Technology.
93. Needham, M., and Hodler, A.E. (2019). Graph Algorithms: Practical Examples in Apache Spark and Neo4j, O’Reilly Media.
94. Wu, H., Wang, Y., Chen, P., Shi, H., and Wu, T. (2020, January 21–24). Application of Graph Database for the Storage of Knowledge Map of Power Grid Model. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing (ICSPCC), Macau, China.10.1109/ICSPCC50002.2020.9259495 ↗
95. Tang, Y., Liu, T., He, M., Wang, Q., Zhang, H., Liu, G., and Dai, R. (2020, January 20–23). Graph database based knowledge graph storage and query for power equipment management. Proceedings of the 2020 12th IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), Nanjing, China.10.1109/APPEEC48164.2020.9220382 ↗
96. Machine learning-assisted outage planning for maintenance activities in power systems with renewables10.1016/j.energy.2021.121993 ↗
97. Short text mining framework with specific design for operation and maintenance of power equipment
98. Cui, B. (2019, January 27–31). Electric device abnormal detection based on IoT and knowledge graph. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Energy Internet (ICEI), Nanjing, China.10.1109/ICEI.2019.00045 ↗
99. Framewise phoneme classification with bidirectional LSTM and other neural network architectures10.1016/j.neunet.2005.06.042 ↗
100. Huang, Z., Xu, W., and Yu, K. (2015). Bidirectional LSTM-CRF models for sequence tagging. arXiv.