Secure PBFT Consensus-Based Lightweight Blockchain for Healthcare Application
Source abstract
Abstract
Recent advancement in IoT technology has boosted the healthcare domain with enormous usage of IoT devices to provide elevated services to patients with chronic disorders on a real-time basis by the incorporation of IoT sensors on patients’ bodies. However, providing services ensuring security and maintaining the privacy of patients is a challenging task. Blockchain technology promises security in a distributed environment but popular consensus algorithms such as Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) require huge computational resources and energy by making the IoT environment inefficient. This paper introduces a secure Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus-based lightweight blockchain algorithm for healthcare applications. To strengthen the PBFT consensus, highly trusted nodes were allowed to participate in the consensus algorithm using the Eigen Trust model and Verifiable Random Function (VRF) to select a random primary node from a group of trusted consensus nodes. The proposed algorithm is tested in a simulated environment and evaluated against the traditional PBFT consensus algorithm considering throughput, latency, and fault tolerance.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Blockchain Technology Applications and Security · IoT and Edge/Fog Computing · Cloud Data Security Solutions
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
School of Information Technology and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
References (34)
Show source-provided references
1. Green communication in IoT networks using a hybrid optimization algorithm10.1016/j.comcom.2020.05.020 ↗
2. Security and privacy of UAV data using blockchain technology
3. Application of blockchain and internet of things in healthcare and medical sector: Applications, challenges, and future perspectives10.1155/2021/7608296 ↗
4. Rejeb, A., Keogh, J.G., and Treiblmaier, H. (2019). Leveraging the internet of things and blockchain technology in supply chain management. Future Internet, 11.10.3390/fi11070161 ↗
5. Blockchain for the IoT and industrial IoT: A review10.1016/j.iot.2019.100081 ↗
6. Blockchain for IoT-based healthcare: Background, consensus, platforms, and use cases10.1109/JSYST.2020.2963840 ↗
7. Predictive model for battery life in IoT networks10.1049/iet-its.2020.0009 ↗
8. AEchain: A lightweight blockchain for IoT applications10.1109/MCE.2021.3060373 ↗
9. Tikiri—Towards a lightweight blockchain for IoT10.1016/j.future.2021.02.006 ↗
10. A lightweight verifiable outsourced decryption of attribute-based encryption scheme for blockchain-enabled wireless body area network in fog computing10.1177/1550147720906796 ↗
11. Mouha, N. The design space of lightweight cryptography. Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2015.
12. Towards developing a secure medical image sharing system based on zero trust principles and blockchain technology10.1186/s12911-020-01275-y ↗
13. On performance of PBFT blockchain consensus algorithm for IoT-applications with constrained devices10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3085405 ↗
14. Dodis, Y., and Yampolskiy, A. (2005, January 23–26). A verifiable random function with short proofs and keys. Proceedings of the Public Key Cryptography-PKC 2005: 8th International Workshop on Theory and Practice in Public Key Cryptography, Les Diablerets, Switzerland.10.1007/978-3-540-30580-4_28 ↗
15. Algorand: A secure and efficient distributed ledger10.1016/j.tcs.2019.02.001 ↗
16. Lightweight blockchain for healthcare10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947613 ↗
17. Manoj, M., Srivastava, G., Somayaji, S.R.K., Gadekallu, T.R., Maddikunta, P.K.R., and Bhattacharya, S. (2020, January 7–11). An incentive based approach for COVID-19 planning using blockchain technology. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Globecom Workshops, Taipei, Taiwan.10.1109/GCWkshps50303.2020.9367469 ↗
18. Srivastava, G., Crichigno, J., and Dhar, S. (2019, January 5–8). A light and secure healthcare blockchain for iot medical devices. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Canadian Conference of Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), Edmonton, AB, Canada.10.1109/CCECE.2019.8861593 ↗
19. An efficient Lightweight integrated Blockchain (ELIB) model for IoT security and privacy10.1016/j.future.2019.09.050 ↗
20. LSB: A Lightweight Scalable Blockchain for IoT security and anonymity10.1016/j.jpdc.2019.08.005 ↗
21. Lei, K., Zhang, Q., Xu, L., and Qi, Z. (2018, January 11–13). Reputation-based byzantine fault-tolerance for consortium blockchain. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 24th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS), Singapore.10.1109/PADSW.2018.8644933 ↗
22. Dwivedi, A.D., Malina, L., Dzurenda, P., and Srivastava, G. (2019, January 1–3). Optimized blockchain model for internet of things based healthcare applications. Proceedings of the 2019 42nd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), Budapest, Hungary.10.1109/TSP.2019.8769060 ↗
23. Na, D., and Park, S. (2021). Fusion chain: A decentralized lightweight blockchain for IoT security and privacy. Electronics, 10.10.3390/electronics10040391 ↗
24. Min, Y.A. (2021). The modification of pBFT algorithm to increase network operations efficiency in private blockchains. Appl. Sci., 11.10.3390/app11146313 ↗
25. Lightweight blockchain consensus mechanism and storage optimization for resource-constrained IoT devices10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102602 ↗
26. Xu, X., Sun, G., and Yu, H. (2021, January 4–6). An efficient blockchain pbft consensus protocol in energy constrained iot applications. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on UK-China Emerging Technologies (UCET), Chengdu, China.10.1109/UCET54125.2021.9674967 ↗
27. Dynamic reputation–based consensus mechanism: Real-time transactions for energy blockchain10.1177/1550147720907335 ↗
28. Kashyap, R., Arora, K., Sharma, M., and Aazam, A. (2019, January 27–30). Security-Aware ga based practical byzantine fault tolerance for permissioned blockchain. Proceedings of the 2019 4th International Conference on Control, Robotics and Cybernetics (CRC), Tokyo, Japan.10.1109/CRC.2019.00041 ↗
29. Lao, L., Dai, X., Xiao, B., and Guo, S. (2020, January 18–22). G-PBFT: A location-based and scalable consensus protocol for IOT-Blockchain applications. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), New Orleans, LA, USA.10.1109/IPDPS47924.2020.00074 ↗
30. Li, Y., Wang, Z., Fan, J., Zheng, Y., Luo, Y., Deng, C., and Ding, J. (2019, January 17–19). An extensible consensus algorithm based on PBFT. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Cyber-Enabled Distributed Computing and Knowledge Discovery (CyberC), Guilin, China.10.1109/CyberC.2019.00013 ↗
31. Improve PBFT Based on Hash Ring10.1155/2021/7327372 ↗
32. MBFT: A new consensus algorithm for consortium blockchain10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2993759 ↗
33. T-PBFT: An EigenTrust-based practical Byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithm10.23919/JCC.2019.12.008 ↗
34. Micali, S., Rabin, M., and Vadhan, S. (1999, January 17–19). Verifiable random functions. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (Cat. No. 99CB37039), New York, NY, USA.