journal article·2024-07-09Open access

Avocado and Its By-Products as Natural Sources of Valuable Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Bioactives for Functional Foods and Cosmetics with Health-Promoting Properties

Anita Marra, Vasileios Manousakis, Georgios Panagiotis Zervas, Nikolaos Koutis, Marios Argyrios Finos, Theodora Adamantidi, Ellie Panoutsopoulou, Anna Ofrydopoulou, Alexandros Tsoupras

Applied Sciences· Volume 14· Issue 14

Abstract

Avocado (Persea americana) is a unique fruit with exceptional nutritional and technological characteristics, as well as proposed health benefits. Moreover, the commercial utilization of avocado to make guacamole and/or to extract its oil for several applications generates massive amounts of avocado bio-wastes, including peels and seeds by-products, which further impact the environment and waste management costs. Within this article, the proposed health benefits of moderate avocado consumption, as a functional component of a balanced diet against inflammation-related chronic disorders, and its potential applications are fully addressed. The numerous bioactive compounds present in avocado fruit and its by-products, such as its bioactive phenolics, dietary fiber, and lipid bioactives like unsaturated fatty acids and polar lipids, are also thoroughly outlined. The functional anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antioxidant properties of each of these bioactives and avocado extracts, are then thoroughly reviewed. Emphasis is given to these avocado-derived bioactives and extracts that have the potential to be utilized in various industrial applications, such as in functional foods, supplements, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics related health-promoting applications. The limitations and future perspectives of these applications based on avocado bioactives are also discussed.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities · Botanical Research and Applications · Bee Products Chemical Analysis

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala University Campus, 65404 Kavala, Greece

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. (2023, October 30). Non Communicable Diseases. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases.
2. (2023, November 06). EPIC—European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Available online: https://epic.iarc.fr/.
3. Transition from Metabolically Benign to Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity and 10-Year Cardiovascular Disease Incidence: The ATTICA Cohort Study10.1016/j.metabol.2019.01.003 ↗
4. Bergman, P., and Brighenti, S. (2020). Targeted Nutrition in Chronic Disease. Nutrients, 12.10.3390/nu12061682 ↗
5. Tsoupras, A. (2022). The Anti-Inflammatory and Antithrombotic Properties of Bioactives from Orange, Sanguine and Clementine Juices and from Their Remaining By-Products. Beverages, 8.10.3390/beverages8030039 ↗
6. Unni, E. (2023). Medicine Use in Chronic Diseases. Pharmacy, 11.10.3390/pharmacy11030100 ↗
7. Corsello, A., Pugliese, D., Gasbarrini, A., and Armuzzi, A. (2020). Diet and Nutrients in Gastrointestinal Chronic Diseases. Nutrients, 12.10.3390/nu12092693 ↗
8. Biologically Active Components in By-Products of Food Processing10.1002/fsn3.1665 ↗
9. Eliopoulos, C., Markou, G., Langousi, I., and Arapoglou, D. (2022). Reintegration of Food Industry By-Products: Potential Applications. Foods, 11.10.3390/foods11223743 ↗
10. Hadj Saadoun, J., Bertani, G., Levante, A., Vezzosi, F., Ricci, A., Bernini, V., and Lazzi, C. (2021). Fermentation of Agri-Food Waste: A Promising Route for the Production of Aroma Compounds. Foods, 10.10.3390/foods10040707 ↗
11. Bhuyan, D.J., Alsherbiny, M.A., Perera, S., Low, M., Basu, A., Devi, O.A., Barooah, M.S., Li, C.G., and Papoutsis, K. (2019). The Odyssey of Bioactive Compounds in Avocado (Persea americana) and Their Health Benefits. Antioxidants, 8.10.3390/antiox8100426 ↗
12. Wang, M., Yu, P., Chittiboyina, A.G., Chen, D., Zhao, J., Avula, B., Wang, Y.-H., and Khan, I.A. (2020). Characterization, Quantification and Quality Assessment of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Oils. Molecules, 25.10.3390/molecules25061453 ↗
13. Simultaneous Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Seeds Using Response Surface Methodology10.1155/2020/7541927 ↗
14. Avocado Consumption and Markers of Inflammation: Results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)10.1007/s00394-023-03134-8 ↗
15. Flaxseed and Avocado Oil Blends: Physical and Physicochemical Characterization, Nutritional Quality and Oxidative Stability10.1016/j.afres.2023.100370 ↗
16. Dreher, M.L., Cheng, F.W., and Ford, N.A. (2021). A Comprehensive Review of Hass Avocado Clinical Trials, Observational Studies, and Biological Mechanisms. Nutrients, 13.10.3390/nu13124376 ↗
17. A Moderate-Fat Diet with One Avocado per Day Increases Plasma Antioxidants and Decreases the Oxidation of Small, Dense LDL in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial10.1093/jn/nxz231 ↗
18. Carbohydrate Digestive Enzyme Inhibition, Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Benefits of Persea americana10.1038/s41598-022-26801-y ↗
19. Segovia, F.J., Hidalgo, G.I., Villasante, J., Ramis, X., and Almajano, M.P. (2018). Avocado Seed: A Comparative Study of Antioxidant Content and Capacity in Protecting Oil Models from Oxidation. Molecules, 23.10.3390/molecules23102421 ↗
20. Mora-Sandí, A., Ramírez-González, A., Castillo-Henríquez, L., Lopretti-Correa, M., and Vega-Baudrit, J.R. (2021). Persea americana Agro-Industrial Waste Biorefinery for Sustainable High-Value-Added Products. Polymers, 13.10.3390/polym13111727 ↗
21. Extraction of High Value Products from Avocado Waste Biomass10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104988 ↗
22. Redondo-Gómez, C., Rodríguez Quesada, M., Vallejo Astúa, S., Murillo Zamora, J.P., Lopretti, M., and Vega-Baudrit, J.R. (2020). Biorefinery of Biomass of Agro-Industrial Banana Waste to Obtain High-Value Biopolymers. Molecules, 25.10.3390/molecules25173829 ↗
23. Ford, N.A., Spagnuolo, P., Kraft, J., and Bauer, E. (2023). Nutritional Composition of Hass Avocado Pulp. Foods, 12.10.3390/foods12132516 ↗
24. Seymour, G.B., Taylor, J.E., and Tucker, G.A. (1993). Avocado. Biochemistry of Fruit Ripening, Springer.10.1007/978-94-011-1584-1 ↗
25. Composition, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities of Avocado Oil Obtained from Duke and Fuerte Cultivars10.1002/aocs.12565 ↗
26. Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant and Fatty Acid Composition in Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Fruits: Exploring Regional and Commercial Varieties10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138403 ↗
27. Viera, W., Gaona, P., Samaniego, I., Sotomayor, A., Viteri, P., Noboa, M., Merino, J., Mejía, P., and Park, C.H. (2023). Mineral Content and Phytochemical Composition of Avocado Var. Hass Grown Using Sustainable Agriculture Practices in Ecuador. Plants, 12.10.3390/plants12091791 ↗
28. Méndez Hernández, C., Grycz, A., Rios Mesa, D., Rodríguez Galdón, B., and Rodríguez-Rodríguez, E.M. (2024). The Quality Evaluation of Avocado Fruits (Persea americana Mill.) of Hass Produced in Different Localities on the Island of Tenerife, Spain. Foods, 13.10.3390/foods13071058 ↗
29. (2023, May 01). Home—New Zealand Food Composition Database. Available online: https://www.foodcomposition.co.nz/.
30. Proximate Composition, Lipid and Elemental Profiling of Eight Varieties of Avocado (Persea americana)10.1038/s41598-023-50119-y ↗
31. Siol, M., and Sadowska, A. (2023). Chemical Composition, Physicochemical and Bioactive Properties of Avocado (Persea americana) Seed and Its Potential Use in Functional Food Design. Agriculture, 13.10.3390/agriculture13020316 ↗
32. Chronic Consumption of Avocado Seed (Persea americana) Promotes a Negative Energy Balance and Body Weight Reduction in High-Fat Diet Exposed Mice: Implications for Functional Foods10.1016/j.jff.2023.105751 ↗
33. Margarida Avocado Oil: Effect of Processing on Quality, Bioactive Compounds and Fatty Acid Profile10.1016/j.focha.2024.100617 ↗
34. Hormonal and Carbohydrate Control of Fruit Set in Avocado ‘Lamb Hass’. A Question of the Type of Inflorescence?10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110046 ↗
35. Cheng, F.W., Rodríguez-Ramírez, S., Shamah-Levy, T., Pérez-Tepayo, S., and Ford, N.A. (2024). Association between Avocado Consumption and Diabetes in Mexican Adults: Results from the 2012, 2016, and 2018 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Surveys. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet.10.1016/j.jand.2024.04.012 ↗
36. Marín-Obispo, L.M., Villarreal-Lara, R., Rodríguez-Sánchez, D.G., Del Follo-Martínez, A., Espíndola Barquera, M.d.l.C., Jaramillo-De la Garza, J.S., Díaz de la Garza, R.I., and Hernández-Brenes, C. (2021). Insights into Drivers of Liking for Avocado Pulp (Persea americana): Integration of Descriptive Variables and Predictive Modeling. Foods, 10.10.3390/foods10010099 ↗
37. Liu, Y., Xia, Q., Qian, Y., Kuang, Y., Liu, J., and Lin, L. (2023). Effects of Three Extraction Methods on Avocado Oil Lipid Compounds Analyzed via UPLC-TOF-MS/MS with OPLS-DA. Foods, 12.10.3390/foods12061174 ↗
38. Galanakis, C.M. (2021). Chapter 2—Bioactive Component Analysis. Innovative Food Analysis, Academic Press.
39. Gökmen, V. (2016). Chapter 18—Interaction between Bioactive Carbonyl Compounds and Asparagine and Impact on Acrylamide. Acrylamide in Food, Academic Press.
40. A Review of Avocado Waste-Derived Adsorbents: Characterizations, Adsorption Characteristics, and Surface Mechanism10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134036 ↗
41. FAO (2024, April 01). Major Tropical Fruits Market Review—Preliminary Results 2022. Available online: https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/852265a4-9006-4d54-a792-51f1d9c44673/content.
42. del P. Functional Composition of Avocado (Persea americana Mill. Var Hass) Pulp, Extra Virgin Oil, and Residues Is Affected by Fruit Commercial Classification
43. Effect of Drying Process on Oil, Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Avocado (Cv. Hass) Fruits Harvested at Two Different Maturity Stages10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111716 ↗
44. Influence of Growing Seasons on Metabolic Composition, and Fruit Quality of Avocado Cultivars at ‘Ready-to-Eat Stage’10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109159 ↗
45. Antioxidant Capacities, Procyanidins and Pigments in Avocados of Different Strains and Cultivars10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.114 ↗
46. Fan, S., Qi, Y., Shi, L., Giovani, M., Zaki, N.A.A., Guo, S., and Suleria, H.A.R. (2022). Screening of Phenolic Compounds in Rejected Avocado and Determination of Their Antioxidant Potential. Processes, 10.10.3390/pr10091747 ↗
47. Lyu, X., Agar, O.T., Barrow, C.J., Dunshea, F.R., and Suleria, H.A.R. (2023). Phenolic Compounds Profiling and Their Antioxidant Capacity in the Peel, Pulp, and Seed of Australian Grown Avocado. Antioxidants, 12.10.3390/antiox12010185 ↗
48. Physicochemical and Bioactive Compounds at Edible Ripeness of Eleven Varieties of Avocado (Persea americana) Cultivated in the Andean Region of Peru10.1111/ijfs.15287 ↗
49. Wang, J., Yang, H., Wu, P., Zhang, J., Ma, W., Li, Y., and Liu, J. (2023). Effect of Predry-Treatment on the Bioactive Constituents and Quality of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Oil from Three Cultivars Growing in China. Front. Nutr., 10.10.3389/fnut.2023.1230204 ↗
50. Chemical Characterization of Commercial and Single-Variety Avocado Oils10.3989/gya.0110181 ↗
51. Chemical Compositions and Essential Fatty Acid Analysis of Selected Vegetable Oils and Fats10.3390/compounds4010003 ↗
52. Changes in Dry Matter, Oil Content and Fatty Acids Composition of Avocado during Harvesting Time and Post-Harvesting Ripening Period10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.08.012 ↗
53. Hass and Fuerte Avocado (Persea americana sp.) Oils Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Bioactive Compounds, Fatty Acid Content, Antioxidant Capacity and Oxidative Stability10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105750 ↗
54. Marović, R., Badanjak Sabolović, M., Brnčić, M., Ninčević Grassino, A., Kljak, K., Voća, S., Karlović, S., and Rimac Brnčić, S. (2024). The Nutritional Potential of Avocado By-Products: A Focus on Fatty Acid Content and Drying Processes. Foods, 13.10.3390/foods13132003 ↗
55. Effect of Cultivar on the Content of Selected Phytochemicals in Avocado Peels10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110024 ↗
56. Tocopherol and Fatty Acids Content and Proximal Composition of Four Avocado Cultivars (Persea americana Mill)10.1556/066.2019.48.1.6 ↗
57. Tocopherol Contents of Pulp Oils Extracted from Ripe and Unripe Avocado Fruits Dried by Different Drying Systems10.5650/jos.ess20230 ↗
58. Chemical Characterization of Oil from Four Avocado Varieties Cultivated in Morocco
59. An Optimal Saponification and Extraction Method to Determine Carotenoids in Avocado10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132923 ↗
60. Functional Ingredient from Avocado Peel: Microwave-Assisted Extraction, Characterization and Potential Applications for the Food Industry10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129300 ↗
61. Pasquet, P.L., Julien-David, D., Zhao, M., Villain-Gambier, M., and Trébouet, D. (2024). Stability and Preservation of Phenolic Compounds and Related Antioxidant Capacity from Agro-Food Matrix: Effect of pH and Atmosphere. Food Biosci., 57.10.1016/j.fbio.2024.103586 ↗
62. Velderrain-Rodríguez, G.R., Quero, J., Osada, J., Martín-Belloso, O., and Rodríguez-Yoldi, M.J. (2021). Phenolic-Rich Extracts from Avocado Fruit Residues as Functional Food Ingredients with Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Properties. Biomolecules, 11.10.3390/biom11070977 ↗
63. Del-Castillo-Llamosas, A., Rodríguez-Rebelo, F., Rodríguez-Martínez, B., Mallo-Fraga, A., Del-Río, P.G., and Gullón, B. (2023). Valorization of Avocado Seed Wastes for Antioxidant Phenolics and Carbohydrates Recovery Using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES). Antioxidants, 12.10.3390/antiox12061156 ↗
64. De Montijo-Prieto, S., Razola-Díaz, M.D.C., Barbieri, F., Tabanelli, G., Gardini, F., Jiménez-Valera, M., Ruiz-Bravo, A., Verardo, V., and Gómez-Caravaca, A.M. (2023). Impact of Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermentation on Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Avocado Leaf Extracts. Antioxidants, 12.10.3390/antiox12020298 ↗
65. Converting Industrial Organic Waste from the Cold-Pressed Avocado Oil Production Line into a Potential Food Preservative10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125635 ↗
66. Development of a Green Ultrasound-Assisted Procedure for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Avocado Peel with Deep Eutectic Solvents10.1016/j.greeac.2023.100083 ↗
67. Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of Avocado Peels and Seeds10.3923/pjbs.2020.345.350 ↗
68. Bai, J. (2013). 2—Phenolic Resins as a Matrix Material in Advanced Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites. Advanced Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Structural Applications, Woodhead Publishing.10.1533/9780857098641 ↗
69. Green Tannins/Avocado Oil Composites; Suncare and Skincare Materials10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104764 ↗
70. Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Seeds Compounds Affect Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells Growth10.1016/j.jff.2022.105352 ↗
71. Avocado Seeds (Persea americana Cv. Criollo Sp.): Lipophilic Compounds Profile and Biological Activities10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.087 ↗
72. Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds and Tocopherols Contribute to the Antioxidative Properties of Some Microalgae Species Grown on Industrial Wastewater10.3390/md13127069 ↗
73. Smartphone-Based Method for the Determination of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Contents in Olive and Avocado Oils: An Approach with Calibration Transfer10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104164 ↗
74. Lipid Peroxidation and Lipid-Soluble Antioxidants as Quality Control Markers in Cold-Stored Fruit for Establishing Commercial Acceptability in Bacon Avocados10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109312 ↗
75. Ripening of ‘Hass’ Avocado Mesocarp Alters Its Phytochemical Profile and the In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Its Methanolic Extracts10.1016/j.sajb.2019.09.020 ↗
76. Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and Pigment Content in Emerging and Traditional Plant-Based Oils in Mediterranean Gastronomy10.1016/j.ijgfs.2023.100771 ↗
77. Roles of Macular Carotenoids in Brain Function throughout the Lifespan: A Review of Recent Research
78. Carotenoids: Dietary Sources, Health Functions, Biofortification, Marketing Trend and Affecting Factors—A Review
79. Pușcaș, A., Tanislav, A.E., Marc, R.A., Mureșan, V., Mureșan, A.E., Pall, E., and Cerbu, C. (2022). Cytotoxicity Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of a Novel Drink Based on Roasted Avocado Seed Powder. Plants, 11.10.3390/plants11081083 ↗
80. Non-Nutrients and Nutrients from Latin American Fruits for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109844 ↗
81. Effects of 12-Week Avocado Consumption on Cognitive Function among Adults with Overweight and Obesity10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.12.006 ↗
82. Kour, J., and Nayik, G.A. (2022). Chapter 10—PUFA and MUFA. Nutraceuticals and Health Care, Academic Press.
83. Purity and Quality of Private Labelled Avocado Oil10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109837 ↗
84. Rozan, M., Alamri, E., and Bayomy, H. (2022). Fermented Hass Avocado Kernel: Nutritional Properties and Use in the Manufacture of Biscuits. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 29.10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103295 ↗
85. Study of Environmental Factors on the Fat Profile of Hass Avocados10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105544 ↗
86. Incorporation of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado By-Products to Ethyl Cellulose-Reinforced Paper for Food Packaging Applications10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136906 ↗
87. Avocado Consumption Alters Gastrointestinal Bacteria Abundance and Microbial Metabolite Concentrations among Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial10.1093/jn/nxaa219 ↗
88. Effect of Perforated Low-Density Polyethylene Films on Postharvest Quality of Avocado Fruit10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27656 ↗
89. Garofalo, G., Ponte, M., Busetta, G., Barbera, M., Tinebra, I., Piazzese, D., Franciosi, E., Di Grigoli, A., Farina, V., and Bonanno, A. (2024). Microbial Dynamics and Quality Characteristics of Spontaneously Fermented Salamis Produced by Replacing Pork Fat with Avocado Pulp. Food Microbiol., 122.10.1016/j.fm.2024.104536 ↗
90. The Effects of Foods on LDL Cholesterol Levels: A Systematic Review of the Accumulated Evidence from Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials10.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.032 ↗
91. Lipid-Rich Extract from Mexican Avocado (Persea americana Var. Drymifolia) Induces Apoptosis and Modulates the Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Human Colon Cancer Cells10.1016/j.jff.2019.103658 ↗
92. Associations between Avocado Intake and Measures of Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis in Hispanic Individuals with and without Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)10.1016/j.numecd.2023.08.002 ↗
93. Avocado Consumption for 12 Weeks and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Insulin Resistance10.1093/jn/nxac126 ↗
94. Avocado Consumption and Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis10.1016/j.jand.2022.12.008 ↗
95. Pruthvi, G., Apoorva, M., Anuthilakesh, T., Bhargavi, K., Nithish, G.S., and Achar, R. (2023). Food Polyphenols. Polyphenols, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.10.1002/9781394188864.ch1 ↗
96. Guidelines for Antioxidant Assays for Food Components10.1002/fft2.10 ↗
97. Phytochemicals Present in Ethanol Extract of Avocado Seed and Its Potential Antioxidant Effect10.2174/2213337210666230810094539 ↗
98. Extraction and Purification of Bromelain Enzyme from Fruits and Its Therapeutic Application Study10.25303/1810rjbt017023 ↗
99. Assessment of Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activity and Phytoactive Compounds of Aqueous Extracts of Avocado Fruit Peel from Ethiopia10.1007/s10989-019-09965-6 ↗
100. Anticholinergic and Antioxidant Activities of Avocado (Folium perseae) Leaves—Phytochemical Content by LC-MS/MS Analysis10.1080/10942912.2020.1761829 ↗