Joint Learning of Temporal Models to Handle Imbalanced Data for Human Activity Recognition
Source abstract
Abstract
Human activity recognition has become essential to a wide range of applications, such as smart home monitoring, health-care, surveillance. However, it is challenging to deliver a sufficiently robust human activity recognition system from raw sensor data with noise in a smart environment setting. Moreover, imbalanced human activity datasets with less frequent activities create extra challenges for accurate activity recognition. Deep learning algorithms have achieved promising results on balanced datasets, but their performance on imbalanced datasets without explicit algorithm design cannot be promised. Therefore, we aim to realise an activity recognition system using multi-modal sensors to address the issue of class imbalance in deep learning and improve recognition accuracy. This paper proposes a joint diverse temporal learning framework using Long Short Term Memory and one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network models to improve human activity recognition, especially for less represented activities. We extensively evaluate the proposed method for Activities of Daily Living recognition using binary sensors dataset. A comparative study on five smart home datasets demonstrate that our proposed approach outperforms the existing individual temporal models and their hybridization. Furthermore, this is particularly the case for minority classes in addition to reasonable improvement on the majority classes of human activities.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems · IoT and Edge/Fog Computing · Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
References (61)
Show source-provided references
1. Ogbuabor, G., and La, R. (2018, January 26–28). Human activity recognition for healthcare using smartphones. Proceedings of the 2018 10th International Conference on Machine Learning and Computing, Macau, China.10.1145/3195106.3195157 ↗
2. Niu, W., Long, J., Han, D., and Wang, Y.F. (2004, January 27–30). Human activity detection and recognition for video surveillance. Prcoceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) (IEEE Cat. No. 04TH8763), Taipei, Taiwan.
3. Lee, D., and Helal, S. (2013). From activity recognition to situation recognition. International Conference on Smart Homes and Health Telematics, Springer.10.1007/978-3-642-39470-6_31 ↗
4. Park, J., Jang, K., and Yang, S.B. (2018, January 5–8). Deep neural networks for activity recognition with multi-sensor data in a smart home. Proceedings of the Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2018 IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things, Singapore.10.1109/WF-IoT.2018.8355147 ↗
5. Fall detection in smart home environments using UWB sensors and unsupervised change detection10.1007/s40860-018-0065-2 ↗
6. Hamad, R.A., Järpe, E., and Lundström, J. (2018, January 7–10). Stability analysis of the t-SNE algorithm for humanactivity pattern data. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC2018), Miyazaki, Japan.10.1109/SMC.2018.00318 ↗
7. Analysis and effects of smart home dataset characteristics for daily life activity recognition10.1007/s11227-013-0978-8 ↗
8. Jing, L., Wang, T., Zhao, M., and Wang, P. (2017). An adaptive multi-sensor data fusion method based on deep convolutional neural networks for fault diagnosis of planetary gearbox. Sensors, 17.10.3390/s17020414 ↗
9. Deep learning algorithms for human activity recognition using mobile and wearable sensor networks: State of the art and research challenges10.1016/j.eswa.2018.03.056 ↗
10. GCHAR: An efficient Group-based Context—Aware human activity recognition on smartphone10.1016/j.jpdc.2017.05.007 ↗
11. Thai-Nghe, N., Gantner, Z., and Schmidt-Thieme, L. (2010, January 18–23). Cost-sensitive learning methods for imbalanced data. Proceedings of the 2010 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Barcelona, Spain.10.1109/IJCNN.2010.5596486 ↗
12. A novel ensemble method for classifying imbalanced data10.1016/j.patcog.2014.11.014 ↗
13. Chathuramali, K.M., and Rodrigo, R. (2012, January 12–15). Faster human activity recognition with SVM. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer), Colombo, Sri Lanka.
14. A survey on human activity recognition using wearable sensors10.1109/SURV.2012.110112.00192 ↗
15. Deep learning for sensor-based activity recognition: A survey10.1016/j.patrec.2018.02.010 ↗
16. Li, F., Shirahama, K., Nisar, M.A., Köping, L., and Grzegorzek, M. (2018). Comparison of Feature Learning Methods for Human Activity Recognition Using Wearable Sensors. Sensors, 18.10.3390/s18020679 ↗
17. Ensemble classifier of long short-term memory with fuzzy temporal windows on binary sensors for activity recognition10.1016/j.eswa.2018.07.068 ↗
18. Hamad, R.A., Salguero, A.G., Bouguelia, M., Espinilla, M., and Quero, J.M. (2019). Efficient activity recognition in smart homes using delayed fuzzy temporal windows on binary sensors. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf., 1.
19. Yang, J., Nguyen, M.N., San, P.P., Li, X., and Krishnaswamy, S. (2015, January 25–31). Deep Convolutional Neural Networks on Multichannel Time Series for Human Activity Recognition. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
20. Hammerla, N.Y., Halloran, S., and Ploetz, T. (2016). Deep, convolutional, and recurrent models for human activity recognition using wearables. arXiv.
21. Bae, S.H., Choi, I., and Kim, N.S. (2016, January 3). Acoustic scene classification using parallel combination of LSTM and CNN. Proceedings of the Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events 2016 Workshop (DCASE2016), Budapest, Hungary.
22. A review on ensembles for the class imbalance problem: Bagging-, boosting-, and hybrid-based approaches10.1109/TSMCC.2011.2161285 ↗
23. Zhou, Z.H. (2012). Ensemble Methods: Foundations and Algorithms, CRC Press.10.1201/b12207 ↗
24. The class imbalance problem: A systematic study10.3233/IDA-2002-6504 ↗
25. Survey on deep learning with class imbalance10.1186/s40537-019-0192-5 ↗
26. Lin, T.Y., Goyal, P., Girshick, R., He, K., and Dollár, P. (2017, January 22–29). Focal loss for dense object detection. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Venice, Italy.10.1109/ICCV.2017.324 ↗
27. Cost-sensitive learning of deep feature representations from imbalanced data10.1109/TNNLS.2017.2732482 ↗
28. Huang, C., Li, Y., Change Loy, C., and Tang, X. (2016, January 30). Learning deep representation for imbalanced classification. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Las Vegas, NV, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2016.580 ↗
29. Nguyen, K.T., Portet, F., and Garbay, C. (2018, January 25–28). Dealing with Imbalanced data sets for Human Activity Recognition using Mobile Phone Sensors. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Smart Sensing Systems, Rome, Italy.
30. Stikic, M., Huynh, T., Van Laerhoven, K., and Schiele, B. (February, January 30). ADL recognition based on the combination of RFID and accelerometer sensing. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare, Tampere, Finland.
31. Tapia, E.M., Intille, S.S., and Larson, K. (2004). Activity recognition in the home using simple and ubiquitous sensors. International Conference on Pervasive Computing, Springer.10.1007/978-3-540-24646-6_10 ↗
32. Yala, N., Fergani, B., and Fleury, A. (2015, January 2–4). Feature extraction for human activity recognition on streaming data. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Nnovations in Intelligent SysTems and Applications (INISTA), Madrid, Spain.10.1109/INISTA.2015.7276759 ↗
33. Espinilla, M., Medina, J., Hallberg, J., and Nugent, C. (2018). A new approach based on temporal sub-windows for online sensor-based activity recognition. J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput., 1–13.10.1007/s12652-018-0746-y ↗
34. Long short-term memory10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735 ↗
35. Capacity and trainability in recurrent neural networks
36. Recent trends in deep learning based natural language processing10.1109/MCI.2018.2840738 ↗
37. Chen, K., Zhou, Y., and Dai, F. (November, January 29). A LSTM-based method for stock returns prediction: A case study of China stock market. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), Santa Clara, CA, USA.10.1109/BigData.2015.7364089 ↗
38. Graves, A., Jaitly, N., and Mohamed, A.R. (2013, January 8–12). Hybrid speech recognition with deep bidirectional LSTM. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding, Olomouc, Czech Republic.10.1109/ASRU.2013.6707742 ↗
39. Singh, D., Merdivan, E., Psychoula, I., Kropf, J., Hanke, S., Geist, M., and Holzinger, A. (2017). Human activity recognition using recurrent neural networks. International Cross-Domain Conference for Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-66808-6_18 ↗
40. Murad, A., and Pyun, J.Y. (2017). Deep recurrent neural networks for human activity recognition. Sensors, 17.10.3390/s17112556 ↗
41. Efficacy of Imbalanced Data Handling Methods on Deep Learning for Smart Homes Environments10.1007/s42979-020-00211-1 ↗
42. Deep convolution neural networks in computer vision: A review10.5573/IEIESPC.2015.4.1.035 ↗
43. Moya Rueda, F., Grzeszick, R., Fink, G., Feldhorst, S., and ten Hompel, M. (2018). Convolutional neural networks for human activity recognition using body-worn sensors. Informatics, 5.10.3390/informatics5020026 ↗
44. Ordóñez, F.J., and Roggen, D. (2016). Deep convolutional and lstm recurrent neural networks for multimodal wearable activity recognition. Sensors, 16.10.3390/s16010115 ↗
45. Ensembles of deep lstm learners for activity recognition using wearables10.1145/3090076 ↗
46. Real-time Recognition of Interleaved Activities Based on Ensemble Classifier of Long Short-Term Memory with Fuzzy Temporal Windows
47. Activity Recognition Using Hybrid Generative/Discriminative Models on Home Environments Using Binary Sensors10.3390/s130505460 ↗
48. Van Kasteren, T.L., Englebienne, G., and Kröse, B.J. (2011). Human activity recognition from wireless sensor network data: Benchmark and software. Activity Recognition in Pervasive Intelligent Environments, Springer.10.2991/978-94-91216-05-3_8 ↗
49. An activity monitoring system for elderly care using generative and discriminative models10.1007/s00779-009-0277-9 ↗
50. Devarakonda, A., Naumov, M., and Garland, M. (2017). AdaBatch: Adaptive Batch Sizes for Training Deep Neural Networks. arXiv.
51. Dropout: A simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting
52. Van Kasteren, T., Noulas, A., Englebienne, G., and Kröse, B. (2008, January 21–24). Accurate activity recognition in a home setting. Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Ubiquitous computing, ACM, Seoul, Korea.10.1145/1409635.1409637 ↗
53. Singh, D., Merdivan, E., Hanke, S., Kropf, J., Geist, M., and Holzinger, A. (2017). Convolutional and recurrent neural networks for activity recognition in smart environment. Towards Integrative Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-69775-8_12 ↗
54. Cost-sensitive boosting for classification of imbalanced data10.1016/j.patcog.2007.04.009 ↗
55. Learning from imbalanced data10.1109/TKDE.2008.239 ↗
56. López Medina, M.Á., Espinilla, M., Paggeti, C., and Medina Quero, J. (2019). Activity Recognition for IoT Devices Using Fuzzy Spatio-Temporal Features as Environmental Sensor Fusion. Sensors, 19.10.3390/s19163512 ↗
57. SMOTE: Synthetic minority over-sampling technique10.1613/jair.953 ↗
58. Random forests10.1023/A:1010933404324 ↗
59. All Models are Wrong, but Many are Useful: Learning a Variable’s Importance by Studying an Entire Class of Prediction Models Simultaneously
60. Molnar, C. (2020, May 14). Interpretable Machine Learning. Available online: https://leanpub.com/interpretable-machine-learning.
61. Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python