Determination of Influencing Factors on Interface Strength of Additively Manufactured Multi-Material Parts by Material Extrusion
Source abstract
Abstract
Material composition complexity offered by material extrusion additive manufacturing offers new opportunities for function-driven part design. Nevertheless, since influencing factors on the interface strength between different materials are not well understood, this complexity is only used infrequently, in part, in design thereby restraining innovation. This paper proposes a systematical approach for identification and quantification of relevant adhesion phenomena that influence interface strength. For this reason, suited test specimen, which utilize the geometric freedom offered by additive manufacturing, are developed for roll peeling tests and peeling resistance of several combinations of rigid and flexible materials is determined. The results show that material choice especially regarding polarity as well as mechanical interlocking in regards to surface roughness and design features have high influence on the interface strength of multi-material parts manufactured by material extrusion. These results are explained through the relevant adhesion mechanisms that determine the interface strength in additively manufactured parts. Finally, criteria that predominantly affect interface strength are deduced and design recommendations for creating functional parts with ill-fitting material combinations are formulated.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Manufacturing Process and Optimization
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Institute for Engineering Design, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
References (40)
Show source-provided references
1. Rothe, S., Blech, C., Watschke, H., Vietor, T., and Langer, S. (2018, January 26–29). Numerical modelling of additively manufactured acoustic black holes. Proceedings of the Inter-Noise 2018 47th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Chicago, IL, USA.
2. Multimaterial 4D Printing with Tailorable Shape Memory Polymers10.1038/srep31110 ↗
3. Watschke, H., Hilbig, K., and Vietor, T. (2019). Design and Characterization of Electrically Conductive Structures Additively Manufactured by Material Extrusion. Appl. Sci., 9.10.3390/app9040779 ↗
4. Kynast, M., Eichmann, M., and Witt, G. (2017). Integration of conductive functions based on Fused Layer Modeling. Rapid.Tech—International Trade Show & Conference for Additive Manufacturing: Proceedings of the 14th Rapid.Tech Conference, Erfurt, Germany, 20–22 June 2017, Hanser.10.1007/978-3-446-45460-6 ↗
5. Multi-shape active composites by 3D printing of digital shape memory polymers10.1038/srep24224 ↗
6. 3D printing of CNT- and graphene-based conductive polymer nanocomposites by fused deposition modeling10.1016/j.apmt.2017.04.003 ↗
7. Ultimaker.com (2019, February 20). Material Compatibility. Available online: https://ultimaker.com/en/resources/49799-material-compatibility.
8. Adhesion of polymers10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.007 ↗
9. Gibson, I., Rosen, D., and Stucker, B. (2015). Additive manufacturing technologies. 3D printing, rapid prototyping and direct digital manufacturing, Springer. [2nd ed.].10.1007/978-1-4939-2113-3 ↗
10. DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (2018). Additive manufacturing—General Principles. Terminology, Beuth Verlag GmbH.
11. Watschke, H., Waalkes, L., Schumacher, C., and Vietor, T. (2018). Development of Novel Test Specimens for Characterization of Multi-Material Parts Manufactured by Material Extrusion. Appl. Sci., 8.10.3390/app8081220 ↗
12. Multiple material additive manufacturing—Part 1: A review10.1080/17452759.2013.778175 ↗
13. Additive manufacturing of thermoelectric materials via fused filament fabrication10.1016/j.apmt.2019.01.001 ↗
14. A multi-material part design framework in additive manufacturing10.1007/s00170-018-2025-7 ↗
15. Designing a Modular Rapid Manufacturing Process10.1115/1.4002718 ↗
16. A new methodological framework for design for additive manufacturing10.1080/17452759.2016.1139377 ↗
17. Proposal for a multi-material design procedure (1980–2015)10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.004 ↗
18. Schuck, M. (2008). Kompatibilitätsprinzipien beim Montagespritzgießen, Lehrstuhl für Kunststofftechnik.
19. Effect of processing conditions on the bonding quality of FDM polymer filaments10.1108/13552540810862028 ↗
20. A model research for prototype warp deformation in the FDM process10.1007/s00170-006-0556-9 ↗
21. Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters: A review of current research and future prospects10.1007/s40436-014-0097-7 ↗
22. The Temperature Dependence of Relaxation Mechanisms in Amorphous Polymers and Other Glass-forming Liquids10.1021/ja01619a008 ↗
23. The science of adhesion10.1007/BF00552302 ↗
24. An overview of the basic aspects of polymer adhesion. Part I: Fundamentals10.1002/pen.760351202 ↗
25. An overview of the basic aspects of polymer adhesion. Part II: Application to surface treatments10.1002/pen.760351203 ↗
26. da Silva, L.F.M., Öchsner, A., and Adams, R.D. (2018). Handbook of Adhesion Technology, Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-319-55411-2 ↗
27. The Physics of Adhesion10.1088/0950-7671/24/2/301 ↗
28. Ebnesajjad, S., and Ebnesajjad, C.F. (2014). Theories of Adhesion. Surface Treatment of Materials for adh!Esive Bonding, William Andrew an imprint of Elsevier. [2nd ed.].10.1016/B978-0-323-26435-8.00016-2 ↗
29. Plasma jet treatment of five polymers at atmospheric pressure: surface modifications and the relevance for adhesion10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2003.09.006 ↗
30. The Diffusion Theory of Adhesion10.5254/1.3542193 ↗
31. CAUSES OF POOR ADHESION: WEAK BOUNDARY LAYERS10.1021/ie51403a010 ↗
32. Surface charge contribution in rubber adhesion and friction10.1088/0022-3727/10/13/016 ↗
33. DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (2010). Adhesives—Determination of Peel Resistance of Adhesive Bonds—Floating Roller Method, Beuth Verlag GmbH.
34. (2019, January 10). Technical Data Sheet—NatureWork Ingeo™ Biopolymer 4043D. Available online: https://www.natureworksllc.com/~/media/Files/NatureWorks/Technical-Documents/Technical-Data-Sheets/TechnicalDataSheet_4043D_3D-monofilament_pdf.pdf?la=en.
35. (2019, January 10). Technical Data Sheet—ABS by Innofil3D BV, Version No.: 2.0. Available online: https://www.innofil3d.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/TDS-Innofil3D-ABS-160609.pdf.
36. (2019, January 01). Technical Data—XT-BLACK by colorFabb. Available online: https://colorfabb.com/xt-black.
37. (2019, January 10). Technical Data—XT-CF20 by colorFabb Produced with AMPHORA 3D Polymer from Eastman Chemical. Available online: https://colorfabb.com/xt-cf20.
38. (2019, January 10). Technical Data Sheet—GF30-PA6 by XSTRAND™. Available online: https://dcpd6wotaa0mb.cloudfront.net/mdms/dms/CSB/10022733/10022733-%E2%80%93-XSTRAND%E2%84%A2-3D-GF30-PA6-3D-Filament-glass-fiber-reinforced-polyamide-6.pdf?v=1520934344000.
39. (2019, January 10). Technical Data Sheet—NinjaFlex® 85A by NinjaTek. Available online: https://ninjatek.fppsites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/NinjaFlex-TDS.pdf.
40. (2019, January 10). Technical Data Sheet—TPU-93 by German RepRap. Available online: https://germanreprap.sharepoint.com/sites/partner/Documents/Forms/AllItems.aspx?id=%2Fsites%2Fpartner%2FDocuments%2FReseller%20Online%20Portal%2FProducts%2FFilaments%2FTPU93_TPU64D%2FDatasheet%2FTechnisches_Datenblatt_TPU_93_Transparent_de%2Epdf&parent=%2Fsites%2Fpartner%2FDocuments%2FReseller%20Online%20Portal%2FProducts%2FFilaments%2FTPU93_TPU64D%2FDatasheet&p=true&slrid=a9afb49e-b05d-7000-4514-86cba6a69bb2.