Methods for Detecting Picric Acid—A Review of Recent Progress
Source abstract
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds in general and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid) in particular have recently attracted significant research attention as environmental contaminants. This spurred a wave of development regarding the methods of detecting these compounds. This work focuses on picric acid as the most common and problematic of these contaminants. The key classes of materials sensitive to picric acid are indicated, and recent developments are discussed in detail. Particular attention is given to the detection and speciation capabilities of the discussed materials and methods utilising them, with various technical considerations noted as relevant.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials · Molecular Sensors and Ion Detection · Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Funding
National Science Centre of Poland
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Organic acids without a carboxylic acid functional group10.1021/ed077p910 ↗
2. Cooper, P.W. (2018). Explosives Engineering, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Computer simulation for prediction of performance and thermodynamic parameters of high energy materials10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.04.012 ↗
4. Fluorescence and visual sensing of nitroaromatic explosives using electron rich discrete fluorophores10.1039/c1jm10406c ↗
5. A study of antiseptic compounds for the treatment of burns
6. Medicinals and dyes10.1021/ie50204a050 ↗
7. Solvent extraction of picric acid from aqueous solutions10.1021/je9503057 ↗
8. Methods for quantitative creatinine determination
9. The use of picric acid as a simple monitoring procedure for automated peptide synthesis10.1016/0003-2697(75)90152-9 ↗
10. Brown, G.I. (1998). The Big Bang: A History of Explosives, Sutton Pub Limited.
11. Ludwig, H.R., Cairelli, S.G., and Whalen, J.J. (2023, March 01). Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHS), Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/pdfs/1994-IDLH-ValuesBackgroundDocs.pdf.
12. Meyer, R., Köhler, J., and Homburg, A. (2002). Explosives, John Wiley & Sons.10.1002/3527600515 ↗
13. A fluorescent probe based on nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots for turn off sensing of explosive and detrimental water pollutant, TNP in aqueous medium10.1016/j.saa.2017.02.035 ↗
14. Electron-rich triphenylamine-based sensors for picric acid detection10.1021/acs.joc.5b00348 ↗
15. Acute toxicity, distribution, and metabolism of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid) in Fischer 344 rats10.1080/15287399209531672 ↗
16. Aqueous phase selective detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol using a fluorescent metal–organic framework with a pendant recognition site10.1039/C5DT00397K ↗
17. Conversion of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol to a mutagen by Pseudomonas aeruginosa10.1128/aem.37.2.222-226.1979 ↗
18. Reduction of picric acid in the liver, kidney and spleen
19. Bioconcentration and metabolism of picric acid (2,4, 6-trinitrophenol) and picramic acid (2-amino-4, 6-dinitrophenol) in rainbow trout Salmo Gairdneri10.1080/15287398409530622 ↗
20. CXIII.—The solubility of mannitol, picric acid, and anthracene10.1039/CT9028101217 ↗
21. Fate and effects of picric acid and 2, 6-DNT in marine environments: Toxicity of degradation products10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.019 ↗
22. Optical chemosensors and reagents to detect explosives10.1039/C1CS15173H ↗
23. A generalization of the Jablonski diagram to account for polarization and anisotropy effects in time-resolved experiments10.1039/B303138A ↗
24. Photochemical mechanisms producing large fluorescence stokes shifts10.1007/BF01876657 ↗
25. Intermolecular energy migration and fluroescence
26. A FRET-based approach to ratiometric fluorescence detection of hydrogen peroxide10.1021/ja063308k ↗
27. A targeted and FRET-based ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe for imaging mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide in living cells10.1002/smll.201302036 ↗
28. Fluorescence energy transfer as a spectroscopic ruler10.1146/annurev.bi.47.070178.004131 ↗
29. High selectivity in water soluble MoS 2 quantum dots for sensing nitro explosives10.1039/C6TC01811D ↗
30. Fluorescence based explosive detection: From mechanisms to sensory materials10.1039/C5CS00496A ↗
31. Chemical sensors based on amplifying fluorescent conjugated polymers10.1021/cr0501339 ↗
32. Investigation of common fluorophores for the detection of nitrated explosives by fluorescence quenching10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.016 ↗
33. Valeur: Molecular Fluorescence—Principles and Applications
34. Fluorescent chemosensors containing polyamine receptors10.1002/1099-0682(200010)2000:10<2143::AID-EJIC2143>3.0.CO;2-3 ↗
35. The development of molecular fluorescent switches10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01513-4 ↗
36. Czarnik, A.W. (1994). Interfacial Design and Chemical Sensing, American Chemical Society. Chapter 27.
37. Birks, J.B. (1972). Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science.
38. The role of “disaggregation” in optical probe development10.1039/c3cs60368g ↗
39. Lakowicz, J.R. (2006). Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Springer.10.1007/978-0-387-46312-4 ↗
40. Inner filter effect in fluorescence spectroscopy: As a problem and as a solution10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.100318 ↗
41. Inner filter effect-based fluorescent sensing systems: A review10.1016/j.aca.2017.10.026 ↗
42. On the origin and correction for inner filter effects in fluorescence Part I: Primary inner filter effect-the proper approach for sample absorbance correction10.1088/2050-6120/ab947c ↗
43. Homochiral metal–organic frameworks for asymmetric heterogeneous catalysis10.1021/cr2003147 ↗
44. Pore size determination in modified micro-and mesoporous materials. Pitfalls and limitations in gas adsorption data analysis10.1016/S1387-1811(03)00339-1 ↗
45. Selective gas adsorption and separation in metal–organic frameworks10.1039/b802426j ↗
46. Hydrocarbon separations in a metal–organic framework with open iron (II) coordination sites10.1126/science.1217544 ↗
47. Luminescent metal–organic frameworks10.1039/b802352m ↗
48. Metal–organic framework composites10.1039/C3CS60472A ↗
49. Introduction to metal–organic frameworks10.1021/cr300014x ↗
50. Ultrahigh porosity in metal–organic frameworks10.1126/science.1192160 ↗
51. Fluorescent metal–organic framework MIL-53 (Al) for highly selective and sensitive detection of Fe3+ in aqueous solution10.1021/ac401387z ↗
52. A Zn (II) coordination polymer and its photocycloaddition product: Syntheses, structures, selective luminescence sensing of iron (III) ions and selective absorption of dyes10.1039/C5DT03094C ↗
53. Cation sensing by a luminescent metal–organic framework with multiple Lewis basic sites10.1021/ic400029p ↗
54. Systematic Investigation of High-Sensitivity Luminescent Sensing for Polyoxometalates and Iron (III) by MOFs Assembled with a New Resorcin [4] arene-Functionalized Tetracarboxylate10.1002/chem.201501976 ↗
55. Two new luminescent Cd (II)-metal–organic frameworks as bifunctional chemosensors for detection of cations Fe3+, anions CrO42–, and Cr2O72–in aqueous solution10.1021/acs.cgd.6b01197 ↗
56. Three new luminescent Cd (II)-MOFs by regulating the tetracarboxylate and auxiliary co-ligands, displaying high sensitivity for Fe 3+ in aqueous solution10.1039/C5DT00492F ↗
57. Metal–organic framework-based fluorescent sensing of tetracycline-type antibiotics applicable to environmental and food analysis10.1039/C8AN01895B ↗
58. Two luminescent Zn (ii) metal–organic frameworks for exceptionally selective detection of picric acid explosives10.1039/C5CC00987A ↗
59. Recognition of an explosive and mutagenic water pollutant, 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol, by cost-effective luminescent MOFs10.1002/ejic.201500233 ↗
60. Exploitation of guest accessible aliphatic amine functionality of a metal–organic framework for selective detection of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol (TNP) in water10.1021/acs.cgd.5b00902 ↗
61. Discriminative detection of nitro aromatic explosives by a luminescent metal–organic framework10.1039/C4TC01982B ↗
62. Linker-induced structural diversity and photophysical property of MOFs for selective and sensitive detection of nitroaromatics10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02645 ↗
63. A stable Cu-MOF as a dual function sensor with high selectivity and sensitivity detection of picric acid and CrO42-in aqueous solution10.1016/j.microc.2019.104498 ↗
64. A thiadiazole-functionalized Zr (IV)-based metal–organic framework as a highly fluorescent probe for the selective detection of picric acid10.1039/C6CE00421K ↗
65. New opportunities for lanthanide luminescence10.1016/S1002-0721(07)60420-7 ↗
66. Hard and soft acids and bases—The evolution of a chemical concept10.1016/0010-8545(90)85016-L ↗
67. Lanthanide-based metal–organic frameworks as luminescent probes10.1039/C6DT02213H ↗
68. Luminescent functional metal–organic frameworks10.1021/cr200101d ↗
69. Construction of multifunctional luminescent lanthanide MOFs by hydrogen bond functionalization for picric acid detection and fluorescent dyes encapsulation10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04713 ↗
70. Function-Oriented: The Construction of Lanthanide MOF Luminescent Sensors Containing Dual-Function Urea Hydrogen-Bond Sites for Efficient Detection of Picric Acid10.1002/chem.201805080 ↗
71. Dy (iii)-Based metal–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid in aqueous medium10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02611 ↗
72. A Multi-responsive Regenerable Europium–Organic Framework Luminescent Sensor for Fe3+, CrVI Anions, and Picric Acid10.1002/chem.201603607 ↗
73. A novel microporous Tb-MOF fluorescent sensor for highly selective and sensitive detection of picric acid10.1039/C8RA02602E ↗
74. Highly selective luminescent sensing of picric acid based on a water-stable europium metal–organic framework10.1016/j.jssc.2016.10.016 ↗
75. A water-stable terbium metal–organic framework with functionalized ligands for the detection of Fe 3+ and Cr 2 O 7 2- ions in water and picric acid in seawater10.1039/D0CE00430H ↗
76. Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal transformation of a europium (III) metal–organic framework producing a multi-responsive luminescent sensor10.1002/adfm.201303986 ↗
77. Rapid synthesis of nanoscale terbium-based metal–organic frameworks by a combined ultrasound-vapour phase diffusion method for highly selective sensing of picric acid10.1039/c3ta11517h ↗
78. Ratiometric Luminescent Sensor of Picric Acid Based on the Dual-Emission Mixed-Lanthanide Coordination Polymer10.1021/acsami.8b13719 ↗
79. A flexible Eu (III)-based metal–organic framework: Turn-off luminescent sensor for the detection of Fe (III) and picric acid10.1039/c3dt51081f ↗
80. Porous, crystalline, covalent organic frameworks10.1126/science.1120411 ↗
81. Microwave-assisted synthesis of highly fluorescent nanoparticles of a melamine-based porous covalent organic framework for trace-level detection of nitroaromatic explosives10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.025 ↗
82. Highly sensitive and selective detection of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol using covalent-organic polymer luminescent probes10.1039/C4TA04903A ↗
83. A superacid-catalyzed synthesis of fluorescent covalent triazine based framework containing perylene tetraanhydride bisimide for sensing to o-nitrophenol with ultrahigh sensitivity10.1080/10601325.2019.1640064 ↗
84. Highly efficient and selective detection of picric acid among other nitroaromatics by NIR fluorescent organic fluorophores10.1016/j.snb.2016.04.129 ↗
85. A selective optical sensor for picric acid assay based on photopolymerization of 3-(N-methacryloyl) amino-9-ethylcarbazole10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.026 ↗
86. Morphology controllable conjugated network polymers based on AIE-active building block for TNP detection10.1016/j.cclet.2020.09.019 ↗
87. Synthesis of luminescent covalent–organic polymers for detecting nitroaromatic explosives and small organic molecules10.1002/marc.201100865 ↗
88. Dual luminescent covalent organic frameworks for nitro-explosive detection10.1039/C9TA09497K ↗
89. Highly fluorescent polyimide covalent organic nanosheets as sensing probes for the detection of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol10.1021/acsami.6b16423 ↗
90. Semiconductor and carbon-based fluorescent nanodots: The need for consistency10.1039/C5CC07754K ↗
91. Fluorescent carbon dots functionalization10.1016/j.cis.2019.06.008 ↗
92. Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments10.1021/ja040082h ↗
93. Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence10.1021/ja062677d ↗
94. Carbon dots for multiphoton bioimaging10.1021/ja073527l ↗
95. Intrinsically fluorescent carbon nanospheres as a nuclear targeting vector: Delivery of membrane-impermeable molecule to modulate gene expression in vivo10.1021/nl801503m ↗
96. Photoluminescent carbogenic dots10.1021/cm800506r ↗
97. Facile preparation of low cytotoxicity fluorescent carbon nanocrystals by electrooxidation of graphite10.1039/b812420e ↗
98. Luminescent carbon nanodots: Emergent nanolights10.1002/anie.200906623 ↗
99. One-step synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles by laser irradiation10.1039/B812943F ↗
100. An electrochemical avenue to blue luminescent nanocrystals from multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)10.1021/ja0669070 ↗