journal article·2021-06-24Open access

A Review of the Performance of Infilled RC Structures in Recent Earthquakes

André Furtado, Hugo Rodrigues, António Arêde, Humberto Varum

Applied Sciences· Volume 11· Issue 13

Abstract

The primary objective is to present the most representative types of damage observed in reinforced concrete (RC) structures due to earthquakes. Those damages are divided according to the ten most representative types. Examples and the main reasons that could trigger each failure mechanism are presented. The definition of these damage types is supported by post-earthquake damage reconnaissance missions in Sichuan (China) in 2008, L’Aquila (Italy) in 2009, Lorca (Spain) in 2011, Emilia-Romagna (Italy) in 2012, Gorkha (Nepal) in 2015, Muisne (Ecuador) in 2016 and Chiapas (Mexico) in 2017. An extensive discussion is presented concerning the infill walls’ seismic behaviour and their interaction with the RC structural elements. The presentation of the significant learnings and findings concerning the typical damage herein presented and discussed are compared with the common Southern European construction practice. The impact of the infill walls on the rehabilitation costs of damaged RC buildings is also studied. These costs are compared to those related to the structural damage and rehabilitation of the entire building structure to understand the impact of the infill walls. Finally, a case study is presented to study the effect of implementing simplified retrofitting strategies to prevent the soft-storey mechanism, one of the most common problems observed in past earthquake events.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Masonry and Concrete Structural Analysis · Seismic Performance and Analysis · Structural Response to Dynamic Loads

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

CONSTRUCT-LESE, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4150-003 Porto, Portugal

RISCO, Department of Civil Engineering, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

References (54)

Show source-provided references
1. Common structural and construction deficiencies of Nepalese buildings10.1007/s41062-016-0001-3 ↗
2. The structural role played by masonry infills on RC building performances after the 2011 Lorca, Spain, earthquake10.1007/s10518-013-9500-1 ↗
3. Foreword special issue LORCA′s earthquake10.1007/s10518-014-9602-4 ↗
4. Seismic response of RC buildings during the Mw 6.0 August 24, 2016 Central Italy earthquake: The Amatrice case study10.1007/s10518-017-0277-5 ↗
5. Italian scientists shocked by earthquake devastation10.1038/537015a ↗
6. Seismic Assessment of a School Building in Nepal and Analysis of Retrofitting Solutions10.1007/s40999-018-0297-9 ↗
7. Seismic design and response of bare and masonry-infilled reinforced concrete buildings: Part II: Infilled structures10.1080/13632469708962375 ↗
8. CEN (2005). Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance—Part 1-1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings, European Committee for Standardization.
9. Seismic performance of the infill masonry walls and ambient vibration tests after the Ghorka 2015, Nepal earthquake10.1007/s10518-016-9999-z ↗
10. Macroelement Model for In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Responses of Masonry Infills in Frame Structures10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001926 ↗
11. Potential use of locked brick infill walls to decrease soft-story formation in frame buildings10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000633 ↗
12. SeismoSoft (2021, June 23). SeismoStruct—A Computer Program for Static And Dynamic Nonlinear Analysis of Framed Structures [Online]. Available online: http://www.seismosoft.com.
13. Varum, H. (2003). Seismis Assessment, Strengthening and Repair of Existing Buildings. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de Aveiro].
14. Performance of masonry enclosure walls: Lessons learned from recent earthquakes10.1007/s11803-012-0095-3 ↗
15. Field observations and interpretation of the structural performance of constructions after the 11 May 2011 Lorca earthquake10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.01.040 ↗
16. CEN (2004). Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures—Part 1-1: General Rules And Rules for Buildings, CEN.
17. Seismic Retrofit Schemes with FRP for Deficient RC Beam-Column Joints: State-of-the-Art Review10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000950 ↗
18. Earthquake retrofitting of R/C frames with soft first story using hysteretic dampers: Energy-based design method and evaluation10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.01.053 ↗
19. Seismic Rehabilitation of RC Columns Under Biaxial Loading: An Experimental Characterization10.1016/j.istruc.2015.03.001 ↗
20. Effectiveness of some conventional seismic retrofitting techniques for bare and infilled R/C frames10.12989/sem.2011.39.4.499 ↗
21. Cyclic Behavior of Smooth Steel Reinforcing Bars: Experimental Analysis and Modeling Issues10.1080/13632460902837686 ↗
22. Modeling Techniques for the Seismic Assessment of the Existing Italian RC Frame Structures10.1080/13632469.2017.1360224 ↗
23. Deformation capacity of reinforced concrete columns with smooth reinforcement10.1007/s10518-018-00540-w ↗
24. Seismic response of r.c. columns with smooth reinforcement. Part II: Cyclic tests10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.01.024 ↗
25. Cyclic behavior of substandard reinforced concrete beam-column joints with plain bars
26. Experimental cyclic behaviour of RC columns with plain bars and proposal Eurocode 8 formula improvement10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.01.033 ↗
27. Rodrigues, H. (2012). Biaxial Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Columns. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de Aveiro].
28. Sharma, M., Maheshwari, B., Singh, Y., and Sinvhal, A. (2012, January 28). Damage pattern during Sikkim, India earthquake of September 18, 2011. Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal.
29. De Risi, M., Gaudio, C., and Verderame, G. (2019). Evaluation of Repair Costs for Masonry Infills in RC Buildings from Observed Damage Data: The Case-Study of the 2009 L′Aquila Earthquake. Buildings, 9.10.3390/buildings9050122 ↗
30. Behaviour of masonry infilled steel frames10.1139/l89-129 ↗
31. Experimental investigation of the influence of slenderness ratio and of the in-plane/out-of-plane interaction on the out-of-plane strength of URM infill walls10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.011 ↗
32. Experimental investigation on the influence of the aspect ratio on the in-plane/out-of-plane interaction for masonry infills in RC frames10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.03.111 ↗
33. Angel, R., Abrams, D., Shapiro, D., Uzarski, J., and Webster, M. (1994). Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Frames, with Masonry Infills, Civil Engineering Studies, Reserach Series No. 589, UILU-ENG. University of Ilinois.
34. Seismic response of reinforced concrete frames infilled with weakly reinforced masonry panels10.1080/13632460109350390 ↗
35. Pereira, P., Pereira, M., Ferreira, J., and Lourenço, P. (2011, January 13–15). Behavior of masonry infill panels in RC frames subjected to in plane and out of plane loads. Proceedings of the 7th Conference on on Analytical Models and New Concepts in Concrete and Masonry Structure, Cracow, Poland.
36. Estimation of repair costs for RC and masonry residential buildings based on damage data collected by post-earthquake visual inspection10.1007/s10518-016-0039-9 ↗
37. Seismic retrofit options for non-structural building partition walls: Impact on loss estimation and cost-benefit analysis10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.01.028 ↗
38. Dolce, M., Speranza, E., Giordano, F., Borzi, B., Bocchi, F., Conte, C., Meo, A., Faravelli, M., and Pascale, V.D.D. (2017, January 21). O—A web-based tool for analyzing and comparing post-earthquake damage database relevant to national seismic events since 1976. Proceedings of the Atti del XVII Convegno ANIDIS L′ingegneria Sismica in Italia, Pistoia, Italy.
39. Baggio, C., Bernardini, A., Colozza, R., Coppari, S., Corazza, L., Della Bella, M., Di Pasquale, G., Dolce, M., Goretti, A., and Martinelli, A. (2007). Field manual for post-earthquake damage and safety assessment and short term countermeasures. JRC Sci. Tech. Rep.
40. Grunthal, G. (1998). Cahiers du Centre Europeen de Geodynamique et de Seismologie: Volume 15—European Macroseismic Scale. Eur. Cent. Geodyn. Seismol. Luxemb.
41. Dolce, M., and Manfredi, G. (2015). Libro Bianco Sulla Ricostruzione Privata Fuori dai Centri Storici nei Comuni Colpiti dal Sisma Dell’abruzzo del 6 Aprile 2009.
42. Carvalho, E., and Coelho, E. (1984). Análise Sísmica de Estruturas de Edifícios Segundo a Nova Regulamentação—Análise Estrutural de um Conjunto de 22 Edifícios, CORE.
43. Mechanical properties characterization of different types of masonry infill walls10.1007/s11709-019-0602-y ↗
44. Theoretical streess-strain model for confined concrete10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804) ↗
45. Menegotto, M., and Pinto, P. (1973). Method of Analysis for Cyclically Loaded Reinforced Concrete Plane Frames Including Changes in Geometry and Non-Elastic Behaviour of Elements under Combined Normal Force and Bending.
46. Crisafulli, F. (1997). Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Structures with Masonry Infills. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Canterbury].
47. Implementation and verification of a msonry panel model for nonlinear dynamic analysis of infilled RC frames10.1007/s10518-011-9262-6 ↗
48. A non-linear masonry infill macro-model to represent the global behaviour of buildings under cyclic loading10.1007/s10999-008-9070-6 ↗
49. SEAOC-Vision2000 (1995). Performance Based Seismic Engineering of Buildings, Vols. I and II: Conceptual Framework, Structural Engineers Association of California.
50. FEMA356 (2000). Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings. Federal Emergency Management Agency.
51. Gobarah, A. (July, January 28). On drift limits associated with different damage levels. Proceedings of the International Workshop, Bled, Slovenia.
52. Thermou, G., and Elnashai, A. (2005). Seismic retrofit schemes for RC structures and local-global consequences. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn.10.1002/pse.208 ↗
53. EC2 (2004). Design of concrete structure, part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. European standard EN 1992-1-1. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, CEN.
54. CEN (2003). Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance—Part 1-3: Strengthening and Repair of Buildings—European prEN 1998-1-3, European Committee for Standardization.