Antioxidant Production in Dunaliella
Source abstract
Abstract
Microalgae have become an attractive natural source of a diverse range of biomolecules, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants; nevertheless, economically sustainable production of such compounds from microalgae biomass is still challenging. The main hurdles are: (a) increasing microalgae yield; (b) achieving optimal cultivation conditions; (c) energy-efficient and cost-effective downstream processing (extraction and purification); (d) optimal storage of post-processed antioxidant molecules. This review provides a detailed overview of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the cellular metabolism of the commercially important microalgae Dunaliella, industrial applications of antioxidant enzymes, strategies to enhanced antioxidant accumulation in cells, and the opportunities and limitations of current technologies for antioxidant enzymes production from microalgae biomass as an alternative to common microbial sources.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Algal biology and biofuel production · Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization · Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
Algae Biotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Microalgal biotechnology: Carotenoid and glycerol production by the green algae Dunaliella isolated from the Gave-Khooni salt marsh, Iran10.1007/s12257-007-0185-7 ↗
2. Algae as production systems of bioactive compounds10.1002/elsc.201400191 ↗
3. Camacho, F., Macedo, A., and Malcata, F. (2019). Potential industrial applications and commercialization of microalgae in the functional food and feed industries: A short review. Mar. Drugs, 17.10.3390/md17060312 ↗
4. Bioenergy application of Dunaliella salina SA 134 grown at various salinity levels for lipid production10.1038/s41598-017-07540-x ↗
5. Development, Production and Market Value of Microalgae Products
6. Microalgae as a Novel Source of Antioxidants for Nutritional Applications
7. Natural beta-carotene: A microalgae derivate for nutraceutical applications
8. Barkia, I., Saari, N., and Manning, S.R. (2019). Microalgae for high-value products towards human health and nutrition. Mar. Drugs., 17.10.3390/md17050304 ↗
9. Applications of microalgal paste and powder as food and feed: An update using text mining tool
10. Downstream processing of microalgae for pigments, protein and carbohydrate in industrial application: A review10.1016/j.fbp.2018.02.002 ↗
11. Elaboration of gluten-free bread enriched with the microalgae Spirulina platensis
12. Microalgae as a raw material for biofuels production10.1007/s10295-008-0495-6 ↗
13. Incorporation of Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina maxima biomass in pasta products. Part 1: Preparation and evaluation10.1002/jsfa.3999 ↗
14. Rumin, J., Nicolau, E., de Oliveira, R.G., Fuentes-Grünewald, C., and Picot, L. (2020). Analysis of Scientific Research Driving Microalgae Market Opportunities in Europe. Mar. Drugs, 18.10.3390/md18050264 ↗
15. Transparency Market Research (2021, April 26). Microalgae—Based Products Market (Product: Spirulina, Chlorella, Astaxanthin, β-Carotene, PUFA Fatty Acid, Lutein, and Others; Food and Beverages, Personal Care, Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements, Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Fuel, Animal Feed)—Global Industry Analysis, Sixe, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2020–2030. Available online: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/about-us.html.
16. Antioxidant activity of some Moroccan marine microalgae: Pufa profiles, carotenoids and phenolic content10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.400 ↗
17. Microalgae-based unsaponifiable matter as source of natural antioxidants and metal chelators to enhance the value of wet Tetraselmis chuii biomass10.1515/chem-2016-0029 ↗
18. Screening microalgae as potential sources of antioxidants10.1007/s10811-016-0980-7 ↗
19. Microalgae, old sustainable food and fashion nutraceuticals10.1111/1751-7915.12800 ↗
20. Biotechnological exploitation of microalgae10.1093/jxb/erv426 ↗
21. Microalgae, a Potential Natural Functional Food Source—A Review10.1515/pjfns-2017-0017 ↗
22. Osmotic responses of Dunaliella to the changes of salinity10.1002/jcp.21715 ↗
23. The biotechnology of cultivating the halotolerant alga Dunaliella10.1016/0167-7799(90)90152-N ↗
24. Outdoor cultivation of microalgae for carotenoid production: Current state and perspectives10.1007/s00253-007-0844-9 ↗
25. Carpi, A. (2011). Microalgal Biotechnology and Bioenergy in Dunaliella. Progress in Molecular and Environmental Bioengineering—From Analysis and Modeling to Technology Applications, Intechopen. Available online: https://www.intechopen.com/books/progress-in-molecular-and-environmental-bioengineering-from-analysis-and-modeling-to-technology-applications/microalgal-biotechnology-and-bioenergy-in-dunaliella.
26. Microalgal industry in China: Challenges and prospects10.1007/s10811-015-0720-4 ↗
27. Dunaliella Microalgae for Nutritional Protein: An Undervalued Asset10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.07.011 ↗
28. Two-stage cultivation of Dunaliella tertiolecta with glycerol and triethylamine for lipid accumulation: A viable way to alleviate the inhibitory effect of triethylamine on biomass10.1128/AEM.02614-18 ↗
29. Valuable bioproducts obtained from microalgal biomass and their commercial applications: A review10.4491/eer.2017.220 ↗
30. Effect of salt type and concentration on the growth and lipid content of Chlorella vulgaris in synthetic saline wastewater for biofuel production10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.081 ↗
31. Antioxidant activity of three microalgae Dunaliella salina, Tetraselmis chuii and Isochrysis galbana clone Tahiti10.1088/1742-6596/909/1/012067 ↗
32. Microbial enzymes: Industrial progress in 21st century10.1007/s13205-016-0485-8 ↗
33. Applications of Microbial Enzymes in Food Industry10.17113/ftb.56.01.18.5491 ↗
34. Production of Antioxidant by the Green Alga Dunaliella salina
35. The effect of acute high light and low temperature stresses on the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and superoxide dismutase activity in two Dunaliella salina strains10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01193.x ↗
36. Effect of macro- and micro-nutrient limitation on superoxide dismutase activities and carotenoid levels in microalga Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/1810.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.022 ↗
37. Al-Rashed, S.A., Ibrahim, M.M., El-Gaaly, G.A., Al-Shehri, S., and Mostafa, A. (2016). Evaluation of radical scavenging system in two microalgae in response to interactive stresses of UV-B radiation and nitrogen starvation. Saudi J. Biol. Sci.10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.06.010 ↗
38. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of carotenes produced by Dunaliella salina under stress10.3109/13880209.2016.1153660 ↗
39. Metabolic changes and activity pattern of antioxidant enzymes induced by salicylic acid treatment in green microalga Dunaliella salina under nitrogen deficiency10.1007/s10811-018-1715-8 ↗
40. Dunaliella biotechnology: Methods and applications10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04153.x ↗
41. Studies on free radicals, antioxidants, and co-factors
42. Antioxidant Enzymes and Human Health
43. Oxidative stress, prooxidants, and antioxidants: The interplay10.1155/2014/761264 ↗
44. Assay Guided Comparison for Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Activities with Special Reference to Medicinal Plants
45. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.08.016 ↗
46. Mtaki, K., Kyewalyanga, M.S., and Mtolera, M.S.P. (2020). Assessment of antioxidant contents and free radical-scavenging capacity of chlorella vulgaris cultivated in low cost media. Appl. Sci., 10.10.3390/app10238611 ↗
47. Oxidative damage and antioxidative system in algae10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.10.001 ↗
48. Free radicals, natural antioxidants, and their reaction mechanisms10.1039/C4RA13315C ↗
49. Catalase enzyme: Application in bioremediation and food industry10.1016/j.bcab.2018.07.035 ↗
50. Gopal, R.K., and Elumalai, S. (2017). Industrial Production of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD): A Mini Review. J. Probiotics Health, 5.10.4172/2329-8901.1000179 ↗
51. A Comprehensive Review on Function and Application of Plant Peroxidases10.4172/2161-1009.1000308 ↗
52. Effect of commercial rosemary oleoresin preparations on ground chicken thigh meat quality packaged in a high-oxygen atmosphere10.3382/ps.2007-00066 ↗
53. Khalil-ur-Rehman Potential applications of peroxidases10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.02.035 ↗
54. Use of antioxidants in automotive lubricants
55. Environmental assessment of enzyme use in industrial production-a literature review10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.005 ↗
56. The role of antioxidants in skin cancer prevention and treatment10.1155/2014/860479 ↗
57. Antioxidants used in skin care formulations
58. An insight on superoxide dismutase (SOD) from plants for mammalian health enhancement10.1016/j.jff.2020.103917 ↗
59. Superoxide dismutase: An industrial perspective10.3109/07388551.2010.490937 ↗
60. Beach, D. (2021, April 26). Antioxidants (Natural, and Synthetic) Market for Pharmaceuticals, Food & Beverages Sector, Feed Additives, Cosmetics Industry, and Other Applications: Global Industry Perspective, Comprehensive Analysis, and Forecast, 2014–2020, Marrket Research Store. Available online: http://www.marketresearchstore.com/report/antioxidants-market-for-pharmaceuticals-food-z38119.
61. Effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants on the oxidative stability of cooked, frozen pork patties10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00979.x ↗
62. Antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical research
63. Studies on antioxidants: Their carcinogenic and modifying effects on chemical carcinogenesis10.1016/0278-6915(86)90291-7 ↗
64. Studies on the mechanism of enhancement of butylated hydroxytoluene-induced mouse lung toxicity by butylated hydroxyanisole10.1016/0041-008X(88)90254-2 ↗
65. Evaluation of the possible endocrine disruptive effect of butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene and propyl gallate in immature female rats
66. Antioxidants, their properties, uses in food products and their legal implications10.7455/ijfs/2.1.2013.a7 ↗
67. Microbial superoxide dismutase enzyme as therapeutic agent and future gene therapy
68. Antioxidant Systems in Poultry Biology: Superoxide Dismutase
69. Gridley, D.S., Green, L.M., Nelson, G.A., Pecaut, M.J., and Slater, J.M. (2021, April 26). Therapeutic Utilities of SOD Mimetics: Cancer, Radiotherapy and SOD Mimetics, Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet], Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6099/.
70. Thermal stability for the effective use of commercial catalase10.2478/pjct-2014-0073 ↗
71. Morón, Ú.M., and Castilla-Cortázar, I. (2012). Protection Against Oxidative Stress and “IGF-I Deficiency Conditions”. Antioxidant Enzyme, Intechopen. Available online: https://www.intechopen.com/books/antioxidant-enzyme/protection-against-oxidative-stress-and-igf-i-deficiency-conditions-.
72. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms: Susceptibility to colon cancer and age of onset10.1093/carcin/16.7.1655 ↗
73. Hashizume, E., and Chan, G.P. (2014). Skin-whitening and skin-condition-improving effects of topical oxidized glutathione: A double- blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial in healthy women. Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol., 267–274.10.2147/CCID.S68424 ↗
74. Barrita, J., and Sánchez, M. (2013). Antioxidant Role of Ascorbic Acid and His Protective Effects on Chronic Diseases. Oxidative Stress Chronic Degener. Dis. A Role Antioxid., 450–484.
75. Antioxidants and the prevention of hormonally regulated cancer10.1016/j.jmhg.2005.06.005 ↗
76. Vitamin E and cancer: An insight into the anticancer activities of vitamin E isomers and analogs10.1002/ijc.23689 ↗
77. Petrulea, M., Muresan, A., and Duncea, I. (2012). Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism. Antioxidant Enzyme, Intechopen. Available online: https://www.intechopen.com/books/antioxidant-enzyme/oxidative-stress-and-antioxidant-status-in-hypo-and-hyperthyroidism.10.5772/51018 ↗
78. Dietary antioxidants in preventing atherogenesis10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.001 ↗
79. Cytotoxicity of dietary flavonoids on different human cancer types10.4103/0973-7847.134247 ↗
80. Antidiabetic properties of dietary flavonoids: A cellular mechanism review10.1186/s12986-015-0057-7 ↗
81. Dietary flavonoids intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: A dose-response meta-analysis of 15 prospective studies10.1016/j.thromres.2014.12.016 ↗
82. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: The Zutphen Elderly Study10.1016/0140-6736(93)92876-U ↗
83. An overview: Biomolecules from microalgae for animal feed and aquaculture
84. Alternative sources of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine microalgae10.3390/md11072259 ↗
85. Omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease: A science advisory from the American Heart Association nutrition subcommittee of the council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism; council on cardiovascular nursing; and council on epidem10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191627 ↗
86. Levels of synthetic antioxidants (ethoxyquin, butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole) in fish feed and commercially farmed fish10.1080/19440049.2010.508195 ↗
87. Antagonistic Antioxidant Effect in Butylated Hydroxytoluene/Butylated Hydroxyanisole Mixture10.1111/jfpp.12469 ↗
88. Reactive oxygen gene network of plants10.1016/j.tplants.2004.08.009 ↗
89. Management of oxidative stress by microalgae10.1139/cjpp-2012-0249 ↗
90. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants
91. Cytochromes P45010.1199/tab.0144 ↗
92. Cytochrome b5 reductase and the control of lipid metabolism and healthspan10.1038/npjamd.2016.6 ↗
93. Biochemistry of oxidative stress10.1007/5584_2015_161 ↗
94. Controversy Over Fenton Mechanism
95. Mechanistic study of the autoxidation of reduced flavin and quinone compounds10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00520-2 ↗
96. Oxidative Processes and Antioxidative Metaloenzymes
97. Plants as Natural Antioxidants
98. Ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities and their genetic regulation in plants subjected to drought and salinity stresses10.3390/ijms160613561 ↗
99. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions
100. Reactive oxygen species: Response of algal cells10.1016/S0176-1617(00)80189-3 ↗