Hydrothermal Carbonization as Sustainable Process for the Complete Upgrading of Orange Peel Waste into Value-Added Chemicals and Bio-Carbon Materials
Source abstract
Abstract
In this study, a simple and green protocol to obtain hydrochar and high-added value products, mainly 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), furfural (FU), levulinic acid (LA) and alkyl levulinates, by using the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of orange peel waste (OPW) is presented. Process variables, such as reaction temperature (180–300 °C), reaction time (60–300 min), biomass:water ratio and initial pH were investigated in order to find the optimum conditions that maximize both the yields of solid hydrochar and 5-HMF and levulinates in the bio-oil. Data obtained evidence that the highest yield of hydrochar is obtained at a 210 °C reaction temperature, 180 min residence time, 6/1 w/w orange peel waste to water ratio and a 3.6 initial pH. The bio-products distribution strongly depends on the applied reaction conditions. Overall, 180 °C was found to be the best reaction temperature that maximizes the production of furfural and 5-HMF in the presence of pure water as a reaction medium.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Catalysis for Biomass Conversion · Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies · Biofuel production and bioconversion
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Dipartimento DICEAM, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Messina, Contrada di Dio—Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
References (53)
Show source-provided references
1. FAO (2021). Fruit and Vegetables-Your Dietary Essentials. The International Year of Fruits and Vegetables, FAO.
2. A low-energy, cost-effective approach to fruit and citrus peel waste processing for bioethanol production10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.11.070 ↗
3. FAS-USDA (Foreign Agricultural Service-United States Department of Agriculture) (2020, July 20). Citrus: World Markets and Trade, Available online: https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/citrus.pdf.
4. Citrus processing wastes: Environmental impacts, recent advances, and future perspectives in total valorization10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.10.032 ↗
5. Valorisation of citrus processing waste: A review10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.024 ↗
6. Raimondo, M., Caracciolo, F., Cembalo, L., Chinnici, G., Pecorino, B., and D’Amico, M. (2018). Making virtue out of necessity: Managing the citrus waste supply chain for bioeconomy applications. Sustainability, 10.10.20944/preprints201810.0511.v1 ↗
7. Utilisation/upgrading of orange peel waste from a biological biorefinery perspective10.1007/s00253-019-09929-2 ↗
8. Integral valorization of orange peel waste through optimized ensiling: Lactic acid and bioethanol production10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129602 ↗
9. Eco-friendly extraction of pectin and essential oils from orange and lemon peels10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01716 ↗
10. Sustainable production of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and bioactive compounds from biomass and waste10.1039/D1CS00524C ↗
11. Fuel and chemicals from wet lignocellulosic biomass waste streams by hydrothermal carbonization10.1039/C5GC02296G ↗
12. Mini review of potential applications of hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of biomass10.1016/j.jiec.2017.08.026 ↗
13. Satira, A., Espro, C., Paone, E., Calabrò, P.S., Pagliaro, M., Ciriminna, R., and Mauriello, F. (2021). The limonene biorefinery: From extractive technologies to its catalytic upgrading into p-cymene. Catalysts, 11.10.20944/preprints202102.0377.v1 ↗
14. Excellent performance of porous carbon from urea-assisted hydrochar of orange peel for toluene and iodine adsorption10.1016/j.cej.2019.122997 ↗
15. Assessment of orange peel hydrochar as a soil amendment: Impact on clay soil physical properties and potential phytotoxicity10.1007/s12649-018-0364-0 ↗
16. Current trends on turning biomass wastes into carbon materials for electrochemical sensing and rechargeable battery applications10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.100374 ↗
17. Porous nitrogen-doped carbon networks derived from orange peel for high-performance supercapacitors10.1007/s11581-019-02992-9 ↗
18. Bressi, V., Ferlazzo, A., Iannazzo, D., and Espro, C. (2021). Graphene quantum dots by eco-friendly green synthesis for electrochemical sensing: Recent advances and future perspectives. Nanomaterials, 11.10.3390/nano11051120 ↗
19. Orange peels-derived hydrochar for chemical sensing applications10.1016/j.snb.2021.130016 ↗
20. Synthesis of sulfonated carbon catalyst from waste orange peel for cost effective biodiesel production10.1016/j.biteb.2018.04.007 ↗
21. Production of xylose, levulinic acid, and lignin from spent aromatic biomass with a recyclable Brønsted acid synthesized from d-limonene as renewable feedstock from citrus waste10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122105 ↗
22. Esterification of levulinic acid into ethyl levulinate catalysed by sulfonated hydrothermal carbons10.1016/S1872-2067(14)60125-X ↗
23. Characterization of products from hydrothermal carbonization of orange pomace including anaerobic digestibility of process liquor10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.115 ↗
24. Assessment of orange peel waste availability in Ghana and potential bio-oil yield using fast pyrolysis10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.262 ↗
25. Recent catalytic routes for the preparation and the upgrading of biomass derived furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural10.1039/D0CS00041H ↗
26. Fractionation of lignocellulosics by steam-aqueous pretreatments
27. Bioethanol production from unpretreated cellulose under neutral selfsustainable hydrolysis/hydrogenolysis conditions promoted by the heterogeneous Pd/Fe3O4 catalyst10.1021/acsomega.8b03088 ↗
28. Malara, A., Paone, E., Bonaccorsi, L., Mauriello, F., Macario, A., and Frontera, P. (2020). Pd/Fe3O4 nanofibers for the catalytic conversion of lignin-derived benzyl phenyl ether under transfer hydrogenolysis conditions. Catalysts, 10.10.3390/catal10010020 ↗
29. Malara, A., Paone, E., Frontera, P., Bonaccorsi, L., Panzera, G., and Mauriello, F. (2018). Sustainable exploitation of coffee silverskin in water remediation. Sustainability, 10.10.3390/su10103547 ↗
30. Insights into the evolution of chemical structures in lignocellulose and non-lignocellulose biowastes during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.019 ↗
31. A citrus waste-based biorefinery as a source of renewable energy: Technical advances and analysis of engineering challenges10.1177/0734242X13479432 ↗
32. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and pelletization of two arid land plants bagasse for energy densification10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01176 ↗
33. Upgrading fuel quality of moso bamboo via low temperature thermochemical treatments: Dry torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization10.1016/j.fuel.2017.02.015 ↗
34. Effects of hydrothermal treatment temperature and residence time on characteristics and combustion behaviors of green waste10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.05.111 ↗
35. Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis mechanism: A state-of-the-art review10.1016/j.pecs.2017.05.004 ↗
36. Hydrothermal carbonization of tobacco stalk for fuel application10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.098 ↗
37. Chemical and structural properties of carbonaceous products obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of saccharides10.1002/chem.200802097 ↗
38. Hydrothermal carbonization of loblolly pine: Reaction chemistry and water balance10.1007/s13399-014-0115-9 ↗
39. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of wheat straw: Influence of feedwater pH prepared by acetic acid and potassium hydroxide10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.024 ↗
40. Influences of feedstock type and process variables on hydrochar properties10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.058 ↗
41. Conversion of tomato-peel waste into solid fuel by hydrothermal carbonization: Influence of the processing variables10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.016 ↗
42. From olive waste to solid biofuel through hydrothermal carbonization: The role of temperature and solid load on secondary char formation and hydrochar energy properties10.1016/j.jaap.2017.02.022 ↗
43. High added-value products from the hydrothermal carbonization of olive stones10.1007/s11356-016-7807-6 ↗
44. Characterization of dairy manure hydrochar and aqueous phase products generated by hydrothermal carbonization at different temperatures10.1016/j.jaap.2017.07.017 ↗
45. Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural by dehydration of biomass-derived mono- and poly-saccharides10.1039/B611568C ↗
46. Hydrothermal treatment of orange peel waste for the integrated production of furfural, levulinic acid and reactive hydrochar: Towards the application of the biorefinery concept
47. Less severe reaction conditions to produce levulinic acid with reduced humins formation at the expense of lower biomass conversion: Is it economically feasible?10.1016/j.jfueco.2021.100029 ↗
48. Production of butene oligomers as transportation fuels using butene for esterification of levulinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass: Process synthesis and technoeconomic evaluation10.1039/c2gc35881f ↗
49. Integrated catalytic conversion of gamma-valerolactone to liquid alkenes for transportation fuels10.1126/science.1184362 ↗
50. Transfer hydrogenation of methyl and ethyl levulinate promoted by a ZrO2 catalyst: Comparison of batch vs continuous gas-flow conditions10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00778 ↗
51. Gas-phase catalytic transfer hydrogenation of alkyl levulinates with ethanol over ZrO210.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06744 ↗
52. Development of heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone10.1002/cssc.201200111 ↗
53. Homogeneous catalyzed reactions of levulinic acid: To γ-valerolactone and beyond10.1002/cssc.201600517 ↗