Light-Induced Advanced Oxidation Processes as PFAS Remediation Methods: A Review
Source abstract
Abstract
PFAS substances, which have been under investigation in recent years, are certainly some of the most critical emerging contaminants. Their presence in drinking water, correlated with diseases, is consistently being confirmed by scientific studies in the academic and health sectors. With the aim of developing new technologies to mitigate the water contamination problem, research activity based on advanced oxidation processes for PFAS dealkylation and subsequent mineralization is active. While UV radiation could be directly employed for decontamination, there are nevertheless considerable problems regarding its use, even from a large-scale perspective. In contrast, the use of cheap, robust, and green photocatalytic materials active under near UV-visible radiation shows interesting prospects. In this paper we take stock of the health problems related to PFAS, and then provide an update on strategies based on the use of photocatalysts and the latest findings regarding reaction mechanisms. Finally, we detail some brief considerations in relation to the economic aspects of possible solutions.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research · Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact · Air Quality and Health Impacts
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
Department of Physics and Electronics, Christ University, Bengaluru 560029, India
Funding
Trento University
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins10.1002/ieam.258 ↗
2. Baran, J.R. (2001). Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents. American Chemical Society. [2nd ed.]. Revised and Expanded Surfactant Science Series.10.1021/ja015260a ↗
3. (2020, November 05). Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC), PFAS Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document and Fact. Available online: https://pfas-1.itrcweb.org/.
4. Kirk, M., Smurthwaite, K., Braeunig, J., Trevenar, S., D’Este, C., Lucas, R., Lal, A., Korda, R., Clements, A., and Mueller, J. (2021, September 11). The PFAS Health Study: Systematic Literature Review. Available online: https://rsph.anu.edu.au/files/PFAS%20Health%20Study%20Systematic%20Review_1.pdf.
5. Photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in water: A critical review10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.076 ↗
6. Serum Half-Lives for Short- and Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Acids after Ceasing Exposure from Drinking Water Contaminated by Firefighting Foam10.1289/EHP6785 ↗
7. Kirsch, P. (2004). Front Matter. Modern Fluoroorganic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH.10.1002/352760393X ↗
8. Evaluation of the fate of perfluoroalkyl compounds in wastewater treatment plants10.1016/j.watres.2010.03.028 ↗
9. In2O3 nanoporous nanosphere: A highly efficient photocatalyst for decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.06.017 ↗
10. Efficient Photocatalytic Decomposition of Perfluorooctanoic Acid by Indium Oxide and Its Mechanism10.1021/es204279u ↗
11. Improved photocatalysis of perfluorooctanoic acid in water and wastewater by Ga2O3/UV system assisted by peroxymonosulfate10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124722 ↗
12. A critical review of the application of polymer of low concern and regulatory criteria to fluoropolymers10.1002/ieam.4035 ↗
13. Polyfluorinated Compounds: Past, Present, and Future10.1021/es2011622 ↗
14. Decades-Scale Degradation of Commercial, Side-Chain, Fluorotelomer-Based Polymers in Soils and Water10.1021/es504347u ↗
15. An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)10.1039/D0EM00291G ↗
16. (2020, January 22). C8 Science Panel. Available online: www.c8sciencepanel.org.
17. (2021, March 31). Emerging Chemical Risks in Europe—‘PFAS’. Available online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emerging-chemical-risks-in-europe.
18. ATSDR (2021, April 15). Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls Draft for Public Comment, Available online: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf.
19. WHO (2016). Some Chemicals Used as Solvents and in Polymer Manufacture, WHO. Available online: https://www.iarc.who.int/news-events/iarc-monographs-volume-110-some-chemicals-used-as-solvents-and-in-polymer-manufacture/.
20. Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Exposures and Incident Cancers among Adults Living Near a Chemical Plant10.1289/ehp.1306615 ↗
21. Analysis of PFOA in dosed CD-1 mice. Part 2: Disposition of PFOA in tissues and fluids from pregnant and lactating mice and their pups10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.02.012 ↗
22. Gestational and Chronic Low-Dose PFOA Exposures and Mammary Gland Growth and Differentiation in Three Generations of CD-1 Mice10.1289/ehp.1002741 ↗
23. Removal of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances from aqueous systems by nano-enabled water treatment strategies10.1039/C8EW00621K ↗
24. (2020, February 12). ECHA Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment. Available online: https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-information-requirements-and-chemical-safety-assessment.
25. (2021, April 30). Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/FourthReport_UpdatedTables_Volume1_Mar2021-508.pdf.
26. Meegoda, J.N., Kewalramani, J.A., Li, B., and Marsh, R.W. (2020). A Review of the Applications, Environmental Release, and Remediation Technologies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Heal., 17.10.3390/ijerph17218117 ↗
27. Novel treatment technologies for PFAS compounds: A critical review10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.08.016 ↗
28. A review of the emerging treatment technologies for PFAS contaminated soils10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109896 ↗
29. Appleman, T.D. (2020, December 10). The Removal of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances by North American Water Treatment Practices, Colorado School of Mines. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/78755.
30. Treatment train approaches for the remediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A critical review10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121963 ↗
31. Comparison of currently available PFAS remediation technologies in water: A review10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111977 ↗
32. A review of emerging technologies for remediation of PFASs10.1002/rem.21553 ↗
33. Recent advances in the analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)—A review10.1016/j.eti.2020.100879 ↗
34. Trace analysis of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in various matrices—How do current methods perform?10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.098 ↗
35. Zwitterionic, Cationic, and Anionic Fluorinated Chemicals in Aqueous Film Forming Foam Formulations and Groundwater from U.S. Military Bases by Nonaqueous Large-Volume Injection HPLC-MS/MS10.1021/es3034999 ↗
36. Worldwide drinking water occurrence and levels of newly-identified perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances
37. Discovery and Implications of C2 and C3 Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonates in Aqueous Film-Forming Foams and Groundwater10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00049 ↗
38. Simultaneous analysis of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances including ultrashort-chain C2 and C3 compounds in rain and river water samples by ultra performance convergence chromatography10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.049 ↗
39. Occurrence and distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface water and bottom water of the Shuangtaizi Estuary, China10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.031 ↗
40. Robust trace analysis of polar (C2-C8) perfluorinated carboxylic acids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Method development and application to surface water, groundwater and drinking water10.1007/s11356-018-1731-x ↗
41. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in mineral water and tap water10.1080/10934529.2013.719431 ↗
42. Discovery of C5–C17 Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Water by In-Line SPE-HPLC-Orbitrap with In-Source Fragmentation Flagging10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00039 ↗
43. Chitosan-Coated Octadecyl-Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles: Preparation and Application in Extraction of Trace Pollutants from Environmental Water Samples10.1021/ac902589t ↗
44. Sensitive bioassay for detection of PPARα potentially hazardous ligands with gold nanoparticle probe10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.023 ↗
45. Colorimetric Detection of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Utilizing Polystyrene-Modified Gold Nanoparticles10.1080/00032719.2012.696225 ↗
46. Sensitive Colorimetric Visualization of Perfluorinated Compounds Using Poly(ethylene glycol) and Perfluorinated Thiols Modified Gold Nanoparticles10.1021/ac403406d ↗
47. Global emission inventories for C4–C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) homologues from 1951 to 2030, Part I: Production and emissions from quantifiable sources10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.013 ↗
48. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of fluorosurfactants in firefighting foams10.1039/C5RA26114G ↗
49. Application of 19F NMR Spectroscopy for Content Determination of Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals10.1155/2017/9206297 ↗
50. Method Development for the Determination of Total Fluorine in Foods by Tandem Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with a Mass-Shift Strategy10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00535 ↗
51. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as detection tool for coordinated or uncoordinated fluorine atoms demonstrated on fluoride systems NaF, K2TaF7, K3TaF8, K2ZrF6, Na7Zr6F31 and K3ZrF710.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2012.04.018 ↗
52. Short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic systems: Occurrence, impacts and treatment10.1016/j.cej.2019.122506 ↗
53. Nanotechnology in remediation of water contaminated by poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances: A review10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.045 ↗
54. Photocatalytic removal of perfluoroalkyl substances from water and wastewater: Mechanism, kinetics and controlling factors
55. Photochemical decomposition of perfluorochemicals in contaminated water10.1016/j.watres.2020.116311 ↗
56. Decomposition of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) by heterogeneous photocatalysis in acidic aqueous medium10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.003 ↗
57. Photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid by transition-metal modified titanium dioxide10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.004 ↗
58. Effects of titanate nanotubes synthesized by a microwave hydrothermal method on photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.020 ↗
59. Decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid photocatalyzed by titanium dioxide: Chemical modification of the catalyst surface induced by fluoride ions10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.10.038 ↗
60. Photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by TiO2 in the presence of oxalic acid10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.026 ↗
61. Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by synthesized TiO2-MWCNT composites under 365nm UV irradiation10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.034 ↗
62. Comparative performance of TiO2-rGO photocatalyst in the degradation of dichloroacetic and perfluorooctanoic acids10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116637 ↗
63. Photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) using a composite TiO2 −rGO catalyst10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.11.048 ↗
64. TiO2 quantum dots loaded sulfonated graphene aerogel for effective adsorption-photocatalysis of PFOA10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134275 ↗
65. Selective Removal of Perfluorooctanoic Acid Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified TiO2 Nanotube Arrays10.1155/2016/7368795 ↗
66. Photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid by noble metallic nanoparticles modified TiO210.1016/j.cej.2015.10.037 ↗
67. Site-Selective Loading of Single-Atom Pt on TiO2 for Photocatalytic Oxidation and Reductive Hydrodefluorination10.1021/acsestengg.0c00210 ↗
68. Decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid by ultraviolet light irradiation with Pb-modified titanium dioxide10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.011 ↗
69. A concentrate-and-destroy technique for degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid in water using a new adsorptive photocatalyst10.1016/j.watres.2020.116219 ↗
70. Adsorption and solid-phase photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in water using gallium-doped carbon-modified titanate nanotubes10.1016/j.cej.2021.129676 ↗
71. Photodegradation of fluorotelomer carboxylic 5:3 acid and perfluorooctanoic acid using zinc oxide10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.023 ↗
72. Solar photocatalytic and surface enhancement of ZnO/rGO nanocomposite: Degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid and dye10.1016/j.psep.2017.04.031 ↗
73. Photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid with β-Ga2O3 wide bandgap photocatalyst10.1016/j.catcom.2009.01.017 ↗
74. Photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid in pure water and wastewater by needle-like nanostructured gallium oxide10.1016/S1872-2067(12)60612-3 ↗
75. Photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid in pure water and sewage water by nanostructured gallium oxide10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.05.074 ↗
76. ß-Ga2O3 Nanorod Synthesis with a One-step Microwave Irradiation Hydrothermal Method and its Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation for Perfluorooctanoic Acid10.1111/php.12383 ↗
77. Indium-modified Ga2O3 hierarchical nanosheets as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid10.1039/D0EN00259C ↗
78. Different nanostructured In2O3 for photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.04.042 ↗
79. Synthesis of In2O3 porous nanoplates for photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)10.1016/j.catcom.2013.09.004 ↗
80. Facile preparation of hydrophilic In2O3 nanospheres and rods with improved performances for photocatalytic degradation of PFOA10.1039/D0EN01216E ↗
81. Synthesis of In2O3-graphene composites and their photocatalytic performance towards perfluorooctanoic acid decomposition10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.08.012 ↗
82. Enhancement of photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid on CeO2/In2O310.1039/C6RA09856H ↗
83. Highly Efficient Degradation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid over a MnOx-Modified Oxygen-Vacancy-Rich In2O3 Photocatalyst10.1002/cctc.201900273 ↗
84. Efficient photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by a wide band gap p-block metal oxyhydroxide InOOH10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.040 ↗
85. Photooxidative decomposition and defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) using an innovative technology of UV–vis/ZnxCu1-xFe2O4/oxalic acid10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130660 ↗
86. BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I) photocatalytic nanomaterials: Applications for fuels and environmental management10.1016/j.cis.2018.03.004 ↗
87. Efficient photocatalytic defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid over BiOCl nanosheets via a hole direct oxidation mechanism10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.126 ↗
88. Improved photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid on oxygen vacancies-tunable bismuth oxychloride nanosheets prepared by a facile hydrolysis10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.084 ↗
89. Underneath mechanisms into the super effective degradation of PFOA by BiOF nanosheets with tunable oxygen vacancies on exposed (101) facets10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.119911 ↗
90. Highly efficient photocatalytic degradation toward perfluorooctanoic acid by bromine doped BiOI with high exposure of (001) facet10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118442 ↗
91. Decomposition of highly persistent perfluorooctanoic acid by hollow Bi/BiOI1-xFx: Synergistic effects of surface plasmon resonance and modified band structures10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123459 ↗
92. In situ preparation of p-n BiOI@Bi5O7I heterojunction for enhanced PFOA photocatalytic degradation under simulated solar light irradiation10.1016/j.cej.2019.123530 ↗
93. Insights into the degradation mechanism of perfluorooctanoic acid under visible-light irradiation through fabricating flower-shaped Bi5O7I/ZnO n-n heterojunction microspheres10.1016/j.cej.2021.129934 ↗
94. Rapid Degradation and Mineralization of Perfluorooctanoic Acid by a New Petitjeanite Bi3O(OH)(PO4)2 Microparticle Ultraviolet Photocatalyst10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00395 ↗
95. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid using carbon-modified bismuth phosphate composite: Effectiveness, material synergy and roles of carbon10.1016/j.cej.2020.124991 ↗
96. Enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid in water using iron (hydr)oxides/carbon sphere composite10.1016/j.cej.2020.124230 ↗
97. Efficient Photocatalytic PFOA Degradation over Boron Nitride10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00434 ↗
98. Synthesis of phosphotungstic acid-supported bimodal mesoporous silica-based catalyst for defluorination of aqueous perfluorooctanoic acid under vacuum UV irradiation10.1016/j.cej.2017.10.123 ↗
99. A direct Z-scheme heterojunction with boosted transportation of photogenerated charge carriers for highly efficient photodegradation of PFOA: Reaction kinetics and mechanism10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119851 ↗
100. Selected advanced water treatment technologies for perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115929 ↗