journal article·2023-08-23Open access

Review of sEMG for Robot Control: Techniques and Applications

Tao Song, Zhe Yan, Shuai Guo, Yuwen Li, Xianhua Li, Fengfeng Xi

Applied Sciences· Volume 13· Issue 17

Abstract

Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a promising technology that can capture muscle activation signals to control robots through novel human–machine interfaces (HMIs). This technology has already been applied in scenarios such as prosthetic design, assisted robot control, and rehabilitation training. This article provides an overview of sEMG-based robot control, covering two important aspects: (1) sEMG signal processing and classification methods and (2) robot control strategies and methods based on sEMG. First, the article outlines the general steps in sEMG signal processing and summarizes the commonly used methods for data acquisition, pre-processing, and feature extraction. In addition, machine-learning-based pattern recognition methods have been introduced for sEMG signal classification. Subsequently, user intent-based robot control strategies are classified into three categories: full-human continuous control, semi-autonomous continuous control, and discrete control, and their control methods and applicable scenarios are compared. Finally, this article discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and future development prospects of sEMG-based robot control. This review provides a comprehensive overview of sEMG-based robot control, from signal processing and classification methods to robot control strategies and methods, aiming to guide future research on selecting filters, feature sets, and pattern recognition methods and to assist in establishing sEMG-driven robot control frameworks.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Muscle activation and electromyography studies · EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces · Neuroscience and Neural Engineering

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

Shanghai Golden Arrow Robot Technology Co., Ltd., 701, Building 3, No. 377 Shanlian Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China

National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China · Shanghai Municipal of Science and Technology Commission · Special fund for Digital Transformation of Shanghai · Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province · Open Project of the Medical and Industrial Integration Laboratory of Jiangning Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. A Clinical Guide to Surface-EMG-Assisted Stretching as an Adjunct to Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Rehabilitation10.1023/A:1023814709858 ↗
2. Malosio, M., Negri, S.P., Pedrocchi, N., Vicentini, F., Caimmi, M., and Molinari Tosatti, L. (September, January 28). A Spherical Parallel Three Degrees-of-Freedom Robot for Ankle-Foot Neuro-Rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, San Diego, CA, USA.10.1109/EMBC.2012.6346684 ↗
3. A Home-Based Bilateral Rehabilitation System With SEMG-Based Real-Time Variable Stiffness10.1109/JBHI.2020.3027303 ↗
4. Meng, W., Ding, B., Zhou, Z., Liu, Q., and Ai, Q. (2014, January 5–8). An EMG-Based Force Prediction and Control Approach for Robot-Assisted Lower Limb Rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), San Diego, CA, USA.10.1109/SMC.2014.6974250 ↗
5. An Optimized Artificial Neural Network for Human-Force Estimation: Consequences for Rehabilitation Robotics10.1108/IR-10-2017-0190 ↗
6. Classification of Ankle Joint Movements Based on Surface Electromyography Signals for Rehabilitation Robot Applications10.1007/s11517-016-1551-4 ↗
7. Complexity Analysis of EMG Signals for Patients After Stroke During Robot-Aided Rehabilitation Training Using Fuzzy Approximate Entropy10.1109/TNSRE.2013.2290017 ↗
8. Stock, M.S., and Thompson, B.J. (2014). Effects of Barbell Deadlift Training on Submaximal Motor Unit Firing Rates for the Vastus Lateralis and Rectus Femoris. PLoS ONE, 9.10.1371/journal.pone.0115567 ↗
9. EMG Activity of Selected Rotator Cuff Musculature during Grade III Distraction and Posterior Glide Glenohumeral Mobilization: Results of a Pilot Trial Comparing Painful and Non-Painful Shoulders10.1080/10669817.2015.1106819 ↗
10. Gluteus Maximus and Hamstring Activation During Selected Weight-Bearing Resistance Exercises10.1519/JSC.0000000000001893 ↗
11. Electromyography for Teleoperated Tasks in Weightlessness10.1109/THMS.2020.3047975 ↗
12. Mechanically Corrected EMG for the Continuous Estimation of Erector Spinae Muscle Loading during Repetitive Lifting10.1007/BF00376504 ↗
13. Wang, X., Zhu, M., Samuel, O.W., Yang, Z., Lu, L., Cai, X., Wang, X., Chen, S., and Li, G. (2021, January 1–5). A Pilot Study on the Performance of Time-Domain Features in Speech Recognition Based on High-Density SEMG. Proceedings of the 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Guadalajara, Mexico.10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9630541 ↗
14. Trevino, M.A., Herda, T.J., and Cooper, M.A. (2014). The Effects of Poliomyelitis on Motor Unit Behavior during Repetitive Muscle Actions: A Case Report. BMC Res. Notes, 7.10.1186/1756-0500-7-611 ↗
15. The Use of Surface Electromyography in Biomechanics10.1123/jab.13.2.135 ↗
16. An Assistive Decision-and-Control Architecture for Force-Sensitive Hand–Arm Systems Driven by Human–Machine Interfaces10.1177/0278364914561535 ↗
17. GOM-Face: GKP, EOG, and EMG-Based Multimodal Interface With Application to Humanoid Robot Control10.1109/TBME.2013.2280900 ↗
18. Fan, Y. (2014). Study on Lower Limb Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation Based on Multi-Source Information Fusion Including SEMG & Interactive Force an d Its Clinical Trail. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University].
19. EMG-Based Robot Control Interfaces: Past, Present and Future10.4172/2168-9695.1000e107 ↗
20. Real-Time Control of an Exoskeleton Hand Robot with Myoelectric Pattern Recognition10.1142/S0129065717500095 ↗
21. A Novel Point-in-Polygon-Based SEMG Classifier for Hand Exoskeleton Systems10.1109/TNSRE.2020.3044113 ↗
22. SEMG-Based Joint Force Control for an Upper-Limb Power-Assist Exoskeleton Robot10.1109/JBHI.2013.2286455 ↗
23. Kiguchi, K., and Quan, Q. (2008, January 1–6). Muscle-Model-Oriented EMG-Based Control of an Upper-Limb Power-Assist Exoskeleton with a Neuro-Fuzzy Modifier. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence), Hong Kong, China.
24. Hagengruber, A., and Vogel, J. (2018, January 18–21). Functional Tasks Performed by People with Severe Muscular Atrophy Using an SEMG Controlled Robotic Manipulator. Proceedings of the 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Honolulu, HI, USA.10.1109/EMBC.2018.8512703 ↗
25. Vogel, J., Hagengruber, A., Iskandar, M., Quere, G., Leipscher, U., Bustamante, S., Dietrich, A., Hoppner, H., Leidner, D., and Albu-Schaffer, A. (2020–24, January 24). EDAN: An EMG-Controlled Daily Assistant to Help People With Physical Disabilities. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Las Vegas, NV, USA.10.1109/IROS45743.2020.9341156 ↗
26. Tamilselvi, R., Merline, A., Beham, M.P., Anand, R.V., Karthik, M.S., and Uthayakumar, R.H. (2018, January 19–20). EMG Activated Robotic Arm for Amputees. Proceedings of the 2018 2nd International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC), Coimbatore, India.10.1109/ICISC.2018.8399114 ↗
27. Improving the Performance Against Force Variation of EMG Controlled Multifunctional Upper-Limb Prostheses for Transradial Amputees10.1109/TNSRE.2015.2445634 ↗
28. Weitschat, R., Dietrich, A., and Vogel, J. (2016, January 16–21). Online Motion Generation for Mirroring Human Arm Motion. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Stockholm, Sweden.10.1109/ICRA.2016.7487620 ↗
29. The Heat of Shortening and the Dynamic Constants of Muscle10.1098/rspb.1938.0050 ↗
30. Teaching from Classic Papers: Hill’s Model of Muscle Contraction10.1152/advan.00072.2005 ↗
31. Morais, G.D., Neves, L.C., Masiero, A.A., and Castro, M.C.F. (2016, January 21–23). Application of Myo Armband System to Control a Robot Interface. Proceedings of the 9th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies, Rome, Italy.10.5220/0005706302270231 ↗
32. Characterization of a Benchmark Database for Myoelectric Movement Classification10.1109/TNSRE.2014.2328495 ↗
33. Individual Robotic Arms Manipulator Control Employing Electromyographic Signals Acquired by Myo Armbands
34. A Framework for Daily Activity Monitoring and Fall Detection Based on Surface Electromyography and Accelerometer Signals10.1109/TITB.2012.2226905 ↗
35. Grafakos, S., Dimeas, F., and Aspragathos, N. (2016, January 9–12). Variable Admittance Control in PHRI Using EMG-Based Arm Muscles Co-Activation. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), Budapest, Hungary.10.1109/SMC.2016.7844516 ↗
36. The Effect of EMG Biofeedback on Lower Extremity Functions in Hemiplegic Patients10.1007/s13760-019-01261-w ↗
37. Vogel, J., and Hagengruber, A. (2018, January 18–21). An SEMG-Based Interface to Give People with Severe Muscular Atrophy Control over Assistive Devices. Proceedings of the 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Honolulu, HI, USA.10.1109/EMBC.2018.8512689 ↗
38. A Hand Gesture Recognition Framework and Wearable Gesture-Based Interaction Prototype for Mobile Devices10.1109/THMS.2014.2302794 ↗
39. Hao, S., Wang, R., Wang, Y., and Li, Y. (2021, January 1–2). A Spatial Attention Based Convolutional Neural Network for Gesture Recognition with HD-SEMG Signals. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application & Services (HEALTHCOM), Shenzhen, China.10.1109/HEALTHCOM49281.2021.9399004 ↗
40. A Wearable System for Recognizing American Sign Language in Real-Time Using IMU and Surface EMG Sensors10.1109/JBHI.2016.2598302 ↗
41. Changes in Motor Unit Behavior Following Isometric Fatigue of the First Dorsal Interosseous Muscle10.1152/jn.00146.2015 ↗
42. Hu, X.L., Tong, K.Y., Wei, X.J., Rong, W., Susanto, E.A., and Ho, S.K. (2013, January 3–7). Coordinated Upper Limb Training Assisted with an Electromyography (EMG)-Driven Hand Robot after Stroke. Proceedings of the 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Osaka, Japan.10.1109/EMBC.2013.6610895 ↗
43. Deep Learning for Electromyographic Hand Gesture Signal Classification Using Transfer Learning10.1109/TNSRE.2019.2896269 ↗
44. Bisi, S., De Luca, L., Shrestha, B., Yang, Z., and Gandhi, V. (2018). Development of an EMG-Controlled Mobile Robot. Robotics, 7.10.3390/robotics7030036 ↗
45. Electrode Shifts Estimation and Adaptive Correction for Improving Robustness of SEMG-Based Recognition10.1109/JBHI.2020.3012698 ↗
46. Mao, L., Yin, K., and Shen, J. (2021, January 12–14). Evaluation of SEMG Pattern Recognition: A Preliminary Study for Prostheses. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 5th Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC), Chongqing, China.10.1109/IAEAC50856.2021.9390611 ↗
47. Suresh, N., Li, X., Zhou, P., and Rymer, W.Z. (September, January 30). Examination of Motor Unit Control Properties in Stroke Survivors Using Surface EMG Decomposition: A Preliminary Report. Proceedings of the 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Boston, MA, USA.10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6092032 ↗
48. Meattini, R., Benatti, S., Scarcia, U., Benini, L., and Melchiorri, C. (2015, January 6–9). Experimental Evaluation of a SEMG-Based Human-Robot Interface for Human-like Grasping Tasks. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), Zhuhai, China.10.1109/ROBIO.2015.7418907 ↗
49. Fatigue-Sensitivity Comparison of SEMG and A-Mode Ultrasound Based Hand Gesture Recognition10.1109/JBHI.2021.3122277 ↗
50. Cene, V., Tosin, M., Machado, J., and Balbinot, A. (2019). Open Database for Accurate Upper-Limb Intent Detection Using Electromyography and Reliable Extreme Learning Machines. Sensors, 19.10.3390/s19081864 ↗
51. Reach and Grasp by People with Tetraplegia Using a Neurally Controlled Robotic Arm10.1038/nature11076 ↗
52. Robot Arm Control Method Using Forearm EMG Signals10.1051/matecconf/202030904007 ↗
53. SEMG Dataset of Routine Activities10.1016/j.dib.2020.106543 ↗
54. Teleoperated Robotic Arm Movement Using Electromyography Signal with Wearable Myo Armband
55. Atzori, M., and Muller, H. (2015, January 25–29). The Ninapro Database: A Resource for SEMG Naturally Controlled Robotic Hand Prosthetics. Proceedings of the 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milan, Italy.10.1109/EMBC.2015.7320041 ↗
56. Liua, C., Zhou, S., Hu, S., and Wu, M. (2020, January 27–29). Hand Gesture Recognition Based on Semg Signal and Improved SVM Voting Method. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Information Systems and Computer Aided Education (ICISCAE), Dalian, China.10.1109/ICISCAE51034.2020.9236928 ↗
57. Fazeli, M., Karimi, F., Ramezanian, V., Jahanshahi, A., and Seyedin, S. (2020, January 4–6). Hand Motion Classification Using SEMG Signals Recorded from Dry and Wet Electrodes with Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 2020 28th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Tabriz, Iran.10.1109/ICEE50131.2020.9260578 ↗
58. Hameed, H.K., Hassan, W.Z.W., Shafie, S., Ahmad, S.A., Jaafar, H., Mat, L.N.I., and Alkubaisi, Y. (April, January 4). Identifying the Best Forearm Muscle to Control Soft Robotic Glove System by Using a Single SEMG Channel. Proceedings of the 2020 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.10.1109/ASET48392.2020.9118218 ↗
59. Learning Effective Spatial–Temporal Features for SEMG Armband-Based Gesture Recognition10.1109/JIOT.2020.2979328 ↗
60. Online Electromyographic Control of a Robotic Prosthesis10.1109/TBME.2007.909536 ↗
61. Zhang, K., and Chen, F. (2021, January 22–24). Research on SEMG Gesture Recognition Based on Hybrid Dilated Convolutional Neural Network Combining Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit And Attention Mechanism. Proceedings of the 2021 China Automation Congress (CAC), Beijing, China.10.1109/CAC53003.2021.9727886 ↗
62. SEMG Measurement Position and Feature Optimization Strategy for Gesture Recognition Based on ANOVA and Neural Networks10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2982405 ↗
63. SEMG Time–Frequency Features for Hand Movements Classification10.1016/j.eswa.2022.118282 ↗
64. Chen, R., Chen, Y., Guo, W., Chen, C., Wang, Z., and Yang, Y. (2021, January 15–19). SEMG-Based Gesture Recognition Using GRU With Strong Robustness Against Forearm Posture. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Real-time Computing and Robotics (RCAR), Xining, China.10.1109/RCAR52367.2021.9517639 ↗
65. SEMG-Based Identification of Hand Motion Commands Using Wavelet Neural Network Combined With Discrete Wavelet Transform10.1109/TIE.2015.2497212 ↗
66. SeNic: An Open Source Dataset for SEMG-Based Gesture Recognition in Non-Ideal Conditions10.1109/TNSRE.2022.3173708 ↗
67. Surface-Electromyography-Based Gesture Recognition Using a Multistream Fusion Strategy10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3059499 ↗
68. Toward Generalization of SEMG-Based Pattern Recognition: A Novel Feature Extraction for Gesture Recognition
69. Santiago, J.L.L., Rios, P., Arrustico, D., and Cortez, L. (2021, January 27–29). Volitional PD Computed Torque Control Design of a 2-DOF Finger Model for Cylindrical Grip Movement Assistance with SEMG Signal Classification. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Engineering International Research Conference (EIRCON), Lima, Peru.10.1109/EIRCON52903.2021.9613706 ↗
70. An Adaptive Feature Extractor for Gesture SEMG Recognition10.1007/978-3-540-77413-6_11 ↗
71. Robot Hand Synergy Mapping Using Multi-Factor Model and EMG Signal10.1007/978-3-319-23778-7_44 ↗
72. Du, Y., Jin, W., Wei, W., Hu, Y., and Geng, W. (2017). Surface EMG-Based Inter-Session Gesture Recognition Enhanced by Deep Domain Adaptation. Sensors, 17.10.3390/s17030458 ↗
73. A Calibrated Database of Kinematics and EMG of the Forearm and Hand during Activities of Daily Living10.1038/s41597-019-0285-1 ↗
74. Liu, B. (2020). Upper Limb Rehabilitation Training and Evaluation System Based on EEG and EMG Signals. [Ph.D. Thesis, Zhengzhou University].
75. Li, Z. (2020). Parameterization of Human Upper Limb Movement Pattern and Its Application in Rehabilitation Robot. [Ph.D. Thesis, Xinjiang University].
76. Gopura, R.A.R.C., and Kiguchi, K. (2008, January 19–22). A Human Forearm and Wrist Motion Assist Exoskeleton Robot with EMG-Based Fuzzy-Neuro Control. Proceedings of the 2008 2nd IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.10.1109/BIOROB.2008.4762793 ↗
77. He, X., Hao, M., Wei, M., Xiao, Q., and Lan, N. (2013, January 3–7). A Novel Experimental Method to Evaluate Motor Task Control in Parkinson’s Patients. Proceedings of the 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Osaka, Japan.10.1109/EMBC.2013.6611065 ↗
78. Maeda, Y., and Ishibashi, S. (2017, January 27–30). Operating Instruction Method Based on EMG for Omnidirectional Wheelchair Robot. Proceedings of the 2017 Joint 17th World Congress of International Fuzzy Systems Association and 9th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems (IFSA-SCIS), Otsu, Japan.10.1109/IFSA-SCIS.2017.8023339 ↗
79. Bu, D., Guo, S., and Li, H. (2022). SEMG-Based Motion Recognition of Upper Limb Rehabilitation Using the Improved Yolo-v4 Algorithm. Life, 12.10.3390/life12010064 ↗
80. A Combined SEMG and Accelerometer System for Monitoring Functional Activity in Stroke10.1109/TNSRE.2009.2036615 ↗
81. Ding, Q., Zhao, X., Xiong, A., and Han, J. (2011, January 13–15). A Novel Motion Estimate Method of Human Joint with EMG-Driven Model. Proceedings of the 2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan, China.10.1109/icbbe.2011.5780185 ↗
82. An EMG-Based Robot Control Scheme Robust to Time-Varying EMG Signal Features10.1109/TITB.2010.2040832 ↗
83. Vogel, J., Bayer, J., and van der Smagt, P. (2013, January 3–7). Continuous Robot Control Using Surface Electromyography of Atrophic Muscles. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Tokyo, Japan.10.1109/IROS.2013.6696449 ↗
84. Elastic Elements in a Wrist Prosthesis for Drumming Reduce Muscular Effort, but Increase Imprecision and Perceived Stress10.3389/fnbot.2018.00009 ↗
85. Abayasiri, R.A.M., Jayasekara, A.G.B.P., Gopura, R.A.R.C., and Kiguchi, K. (2021, January 24). EMG Based Controller for a Wheelchair with Robotic Manipulator. Proceedings of the 2021 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering (EECon), Colombo, Sri Lanka.10.1109/EECon52960.2021.9580949 ↗
86. EMG-Based Control of a Robot Arm Using Low-Dimensional Embeddings10.1109/TRO.2009.2039378 ↗
87. Kiguchi, K., Imada, Y., and Liyanage, M. (2007, January 22–26). EMG-Based Neuro-Fuzzy Control of a 4DOF Upper-Limb Power-Assist Exoskeleton. Proceedings of the 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, France.10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4352969 ↗
88. Artemiadis, P.K., and Kyriakopoulos, K.J. (2008, January 22–26). Estimating Arm Motion and Force Using EMG Signals: On the Control of Exoskeletons. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Nice, France.10.1109/IROS.2008.4650949 ↗
89. High-Density Surface Electromyography Signals during Isometric Contractions of Elbow Muscles of Healthy Humans10.1038/s41597-020-00717-6 ↗
90. High-Density Surface EMG Maps from Upper-Arm and Forearm Muscles10.1186/1743-0003-9-85 ↗
91. Kiguchi, K. (2007, January 20–22). A Study on EMG-Based Human Motion Prediction for Power Assist Exoskeletons. Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation, Jacksonville, FL, USA.10.1109/CIRA.2007.382917 ↗
92. Characteristics of Neuromuscular Control of the Scapula after Stroke: A First Exploration
93. Neuro-Fuzzy Control of a Robotic Exoskeleton With EMG Signals10.1109/TFUZZ.2004.832525 ↗
94. A 3DCNN-LSTM Hybrid Framework for SEMG-Based Noises Recognition in Exercise10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3021344 ↗
95. A Low-Cost End-to-End SEMG-Based Gait Sub-Phase Recognition System10.1109/TNSRE.2019.2950096 ↗
96. Li, C., He, H., Yin, S., Deng, H., and Zhu, Y. (2021, January 12–14). Continuous Angle Prediction of Lower Limb Knee Joint Based on SEMG. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Recent Advances in Systems Science and Engineering (RASSE), Shanghai, China.10.1109/RASSE53195.2021.9686816 ↗
97. Cai, C., Yao, L., and Wei, X. (2021, January 9–11). ESECW Method to Process SEMG and Its Application in Gait Recognition. Proceedings of the 2021 6th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing (ICSP), Xi’an, China.10.1109/ICSP51882.2021.9408905 ↗
98. Khanjani, I., Khoshdel, V., and Akbarzadeh, A. (2017, January 2–4). Estimate Human-Force from SEMG Signals for a Lower-Limb Rehabilitation Robot. Proceedings of the 2017 Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Tehran, Iran.10.1109/IranianCEE.2017.7985275 ↗
99. Feature Extraction and Classification of Lower Limb Motion Based on SEMG Signals10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3008901 ↗
100. Inter-Electrode Spacing of Surface EMG Sensors: Reduction of Crosstalk Contamination during Voluntary Contractions10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.11.010 ↗