journal article·2018-10-11Open access

A Survey on Robust Video Watermarking Algorithms for Copyright Protection

Xiaoyan Yu, Chengyou Wang, Xiao Zhou

Applied Sciences· Volume 8· Issue 10

Abstract

With the development and popularization of the Internet and the rise of various live broadcast platforms, digital videos have penetrated into all aspects of people’s life. At the same time, all kinds of pirated videos are also flooding the Internet, which seriously infringe the rights and interests of video copyright owners and hinder the healthy development of the video industry. Therefore, robust video watermarking algorithms for copyright protection have emerged as these times require. In this paper, we review robust video watermarking algorithms for copyright protection based on original videos and compressed videos. Basic models and properties of video watermarking algorithms are described, and the evaluation indexes corresponding to each property are also introduced. To help researchers understand various existing robust watermarking algorithms quickly, some basic information and the quantitative estimation of several performances are analyzed and compared. Finally, we discuss the challenges in the research of robust video watermarking algorithms, and give possible development directions for the future.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques · Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption · Digital Media Forensic Detection

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China · Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Is there a Moore’s law for bandwidth?10.1109/35.795601 ↗
2. Perceptual watermarks for digital images and video10.1109/5.771067 ↗
3. Cryptology in transition10.1145/356789.356792 ↗
4. A survey of reversible data hiding methods in dual images10.1080/02564602.2015.1102099 ↗
5. One-pass lossless data hiding and compression of remote sensing data10.1016/j.future.2018.07.051 ↗
6. Information hiding in edges: A high capacity information hiding technique using hybrid edge detection10.1007/s11042-016-4253-x ↗
7. Steganography in digital images: Common approaches and tools10.4103/0256-4602.116724 ↗
8. Van Schyndel, R.G., Tirkel, A.Z., and Osborne, C.F. (1994, January 13–16). A digital watermark. Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Austin, TX, USA.
9. A novel algorithm of covert communication
10. A guide tour of video watermarking10.1016/S0923-5965(02)00144-3 ↗
11. Multipurpose watermarking for image authentication and protection10.1109/83.951542 ↗
12. An overview of robust digital image watermarking10.1080/02564602.2015.1042927 ↗
13. New copyright protection scheme for digital images based on visual cryptography10.1080/03772063.2017.1324328 ↗
14. Digital watermarking based on magic square and Ridgelet transform techniques10.1007/978-81-322-1665-0_14 ↗
15. An improved Logistic chaotic map and self-adaptive model for image encryption
16. Biswas, S.N., Nahar, S., Das, S.R., Petriu, E.M., Assaf, M.H., and Groza, V. (2012, January 13–16). MPEG-2 digital video watermarking technique. Proceedings of the International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Graz, Austria.10.1109/I2MTC.2012.6229652 ↗
17. Review on digital image watermarking based on singular value decomposition
18. Zheng, X.S., Zhao, Y.L., and Li, N. (2008, January 2–4). Classification model and enhancement of robustness in video digital watermark. Proceedings of the Chinese Control and Decision Conference, Yantai, China.10.1109/CCDC.2008.4598131 ↗
19. Video inter-frame forgery identification based on the consistency of quotient of MSSIM10.1002/sec.1648 ↗
20. Wang, C.Y., Zhang, Y.P., and Zhou, X. (2018). Robust image watermarking algorithm based on ASIFT against geometric attacks. Appl. Sci., 8.10.3390/app8030410 ↗
21. Exploring DWT-SVD-DCT feature parameters for robust multiple watermarking against JPEG and JPEG2000 compression10.1016/j.compeleceng.2014.08.001 ↗
22. Reversible watermarking scheme for medical image based on differential evolution10.1016/j.eswa.2013.11.019 ↗
23. Performance analysis of LSB based watermarking for optimization of PSNR and MSE
24. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia10.1109/83.650120 ↗
25. Kaur, H., and Kaur, E.V. (2016, January 19). Invisible video multiple watermarking using optimized techniques. Proceedings of the Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies, Coimbatore, India.10.1109/GET.2016.7916675 ↗
26. Online multi-sprites based video watermarking robust to collusion and transcoding attacks for emerging applications10.1007/s11042-017-5033-y ↗
27. A blind spatio-temporal data hiding for video ownership verification in frequency domain10.1016/j.aeue.2015.09.015 ↗
28. Tokar, T., Kanocz, T., and Levicky, D. (2009, January 22–23). Digital watermarking of uncompressed video in spatial domain. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference Radioelektronika, Bratislava, Slovakia.10.1109/RADIOELEK.2009.5158780 ↗
29. New robust watermarking scheme for video copyright protection in the spatial domain
30. Venugopala, P.S., Sarojadevi, H., Chiplunkar, N.N., and Bhat, V. (2014, January 8–10). Video watermarking by adjusting the pixel values and using scene change detection. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Signal and Image Processing, Bangalore, India.10.1109/ICSIP.2014.47 ↗
31. A new robust video watermarking algorithm based on SURF features and block classification10.1007/s11042-016-4226-0 ↗
32. Li, X., Wang, X.J., Yang, W.M., and Wang, X. (2016, January 17–19). A robust video watermarking scheme to scalable recompression and transcoding. Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics Information and Emergency Communication, Beijing, China.10.1109/ICEIEC.2016.7589733 ↗
33. Li, J.F., and Sui, A.N. (2012, January 23–26). A digital video watermarking algorithm based on DCT domain. Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on Computational Sciences and Optimization, Harbin, China.10.1109/CSO.2012.127 ↗
34. Liu, G.Q., Zheng, X.S., Zhao, Y.L., and Li, N. (2010, January 22–24). A robust digital video watermark algorithm based on DCT domain. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling, Taiyuan, China.
35. Recoverable video watermark in DCT domain10.4304/jcp.8.2.533-538 ↗
36. Nguyen, T.T., and Duan, D.N. (2015, January 14–16). A robust blind video watermarking in DCT domain using even-odd quantization technique. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.10.1109/ATC.2015.7388367 ↗
37. Bayoudh, I., Jabra, S.B., and Zagrouba, E. (2017, January 18–21). A robust video watermarking for real-time application. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems, Antwerp, Belgium.10.1007/978-3-319-70353-4_42 ↗
38. Robust semi-blind video watermarking based on frame-patch matching10.1016/j.aeue.2014.05.004 ↗
39. Quantization index modulation: A class of provably good methods for digital watermarking and information embedding10.1109/18.923725 ↗
40. Yang, C.H., Huang, H.Y., and Hsu, W.H. (2008, January 8–11). An adaptive video watermarking technique based on DCT domain. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, Sydney, Australia.
41. A video watermarking technique based on pseudo-3D DCT and quantization index modulation10.1109/TIFS.2010.2080675 ↗
42. Campisi, P., and Neri, A. (2007, January 3–7). 3D-DCT video watermarking using quantization-based methods. Proceedings of the 15th European Signal Processing Conference, Poznan, Poland.
43. A spatiotemporal saliency-modulated JND profile applied to video watermarking10.1016/j.jvcir.2018.02.007 ↗
44. Robust adaptive video watermarking scheme using visual models in DWT domain10.3923/itj.2010.1409.1414 ↗
45. A dynamic video watermarking algorithm in fast motion areas in the wavelet domain10.1007/s11042-010-0580-5 ↗
46. A robust rotation resilient video watermarking scheme based on the SIFT10.1007/s11042-017-5213-9 ↗
47. Gao, Q., Li, Z., and Chen, S.Q. (2017, January 17–19). A video dual watermarking algorithm against geometric attack based on integer wavelet and SIFT. Proceedings of the International Conference on Cryptography, Security and Privacy, Wuhan, China.10.1145/3058060.3058079 ↗
48. A robust digital watermarking scheme for video copyright protection in the wavelet domain10.1016/j.measurement.2010.07.009 ↗
49. Robust wavelet-based video watermarking scheme for copyright protection using the human visual system10.1117/1.3558734 ↗
50. An efficient video watermarking based security model10.1007/s00542-017-3689-x ↗
51. A blind scene-based watermarking for video copyright protection10.1016/j.aeue.2012.11.009 ↗
52. Robust video watermarking using significant frame selection based on coefficient difference of lifting wavelet transform10.1007/s11042-017-5340-3 ↗
53. Kerbiche, A., Jabra, S.B., Zagrouba, E., and Charvillat, V. (December, January 29). Robust video watermarking approach based on crowdsourcing and hybrid insertion. Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, Sydney, Australia.
54. A robust and secure key-frames based video watermarking system using chaotic encryption10.1007/s11042-017-4754-2 ↗
55. Adul, V., and Mwangi, E. (2017, January 18–20). A robust video watermarking approach based on a hybrid SVD/DWT technique. Proceedings of the IEEE AFRICON: Science, Technology and Innovation for Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.10.1109/AFRCON.2017.8095500 ↗
56. Panda, J., and Garg, P. (2016, January 12–14). An efficient video watermarking approach using scene change detection. Proceedings of the India International Conference on Information Processing, Delhi, India.10.1109/IICIP.2016.7975386 ↗
57. Fibonacci based key frame selection and scrambling for video watermarking in DWT-SVD domain10.1007/s11277-018-5252-1 ↗
58. A robust color video watermarking scheme based on hybrid embedding techniques10.1007/s11042-015-2789-9 ↗
59. Ponnisathya, S., Ramakrishnan, S., Dhinakaran, S., Sabari, A.P., and Dhamodharan, P. (2017, January 10–11). Chaotic map based video watermarking using DWT and SVD. Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies, Coimbatore, India.10.1109/ICICCT.2017.7975156 ↗
60. Shanmugam, M., and Chokkalingam, A. (2018). Performance analysis of 2 level DWT-SVD based non blind and blind video watermarking using range conversion method. Microsyst. Technol., 1–9.10.1007/s00542-018-3870-x ↗
61. Comments on “An SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful Ownership”
62. A robust video watermarking based on feature regions and crowdsourcing10.1007/s11042-018-5888-6 ↗
63. A robust watermarking scheme against frame blending and projection attacks10.1007/s11042-016-3961-6 ↗
64. Joshi, A.M., Gupta, S., Girdhar, M., Agarwal, P., and Sarker, R. (2016, January 10–11). Combined DWT-DCT-based video watermarking algorithm using Arnold transform technique. Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering and Communication Technology, Lavasa City, India.10.1007/978-981-10-1675-2_45 ↗
65. Kunhu, A., Nisi, K., Sabnam, S., Majida, A., and Al-Mansoori, S. (2016, January 19). Index mapping based hybrid DWT-DCT watermarking technique for copyright protection of videos files. Proceedings of the Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies, Coimbatore, India.10.1109/GET.2016.7916855 ↗
66. A spread spectrum zero video watermarking scheme based on dual transform domains and log-polar transformation10.14257/ijmue.2015.10.4.35 ↗
67. MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications10.1145/103085.103090 ↗
68. Introduction to the special issue on the H.264/AVC video coding standard10.1109/TCSVT.2003.815169 ↗
69. Fast motion estimation based on content property for low-complexity H.265/HEVC encoder10.1109/TBC.2016.2580920 ↗
70. AMISP: A complete content-based MPEG-2 error-resilient scheme10.1109/76.946516 ↗
71. Blind MPEG-2 video watermarking in DCT domain robust against scaling10.1049/ip-vis:20045094 ↗
72. Li, J.F., Wang, Y.B., and Dong, S.S. (2017, January 2–4). Video watermarking algorithm based DC coefficient. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Image, Vision and Computing, Chengdu, China.
73. An adaptive compressed MPEG-2 video watermarking scheme10.1109/TIM.2005.855084 ↗
74. Design and implementation of a joint data compression and digital watermarking system in an MPEG-2 video encoder10.1007/s11265-013-0772-0 ↗
75. Video watermarking with empirical PCA-based decoding10.1109/TIP.2013.2278463 ↗
76. Watermarking of MPEG-4 video objects10.1109/TMM.2004.840594 ↗
77. Video protection for MPEG-4 FGS with watermarking10.1007/s11042-007-0185-9 ↗
78. Digital watermarking of low bit-rate advanced simple profile MPEG-4 compressed video10.1109/TCSVT.2003.815958 ↗
79. A practical design of digital watermarking for video streaming services10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.11.018 ↗
80. DCT based reversible data embedding for MPEG-4 video using HVS characteristics
81. Design of real-time video watermarking based on Integer DCT for H.264 encoder10.1080/00207217.2014.954634 ↗
82. A real-time dual watermarking algorithm of H.264/AVC video stream for video-on-demand service10.1016/j.aeue.2011.08.007 ↗
83. Robust video watermarking algorithm for H.264/AVC based on JND model
84. Fast watermarking scheme for real-time spatial scalable video coding10.1016/j.image.2016.06.003 ↗
85. Object based watermarking for H.264/AVC video resistant to RST attacks10.1007/s11042-014-2422-3 ↗
86. A high capacity data hiding algorithm for H.264/AVC video10.1002/sec.1221 ↗
87. Robust transcoding resistant watermarking for H.264 standard10.1007/s11042-012-1208-8 ↗
88. Reference index-based H.264 video watermarking scheme10.1145/2344436.2344439 ↗
89. Robust video watermarking scheme using high efficiency video coding attack10.1007/s11042-017-4427-1 ↗
90. Gaj, S., Sur, A., and Bora, P.K. (2015, January 16–19). A robust watermarking scheme against re-compression attack for H.265/HEVC. Proceedings of the 5th National Conference on Computer Vision, Pattern Recognition, Image Processing and Graphics, Patna, India.10.1109/NCVPRIPG.2015.7490065 ↗
91. Drift-compensated robust watermarking algorithm for H.265/HEVC video stream10.1145/3009910 ↗
92. Liu, Y.X., Liu, S.Y., Zhao, H.G., Liu, S., and Feng, C. (2017, January 7–10). A data hiding method for H. 265 without intra-frame distortion drift. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Liverpool, UK.10.1007/978-3-319-63315-2_56 ↗
93. Liu, Y.X., Liu, S.Y., Zhao, H.G., and Liu, S. (2018). A new data hiding method for H.265/HEVC video streams without intra-frame distortion drift. Multimedia Tools Appl.10.1007/s11042-018-6320-y ↗
94. Cai, C.T., Feng, G., Wang, C., and Han, X. (2017, January 14–16). A reversible watermarking algorithm for high efficiency video coding. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics, Shanghai, China.10.1109/CISP-BMEI.2017.8301931 ↗
95. A DCT/DST-based error propagation-free data hiding algorithm for HEVC intra-coded frames10.1016/j.jvcir.2013.10.007 ↗
96. Robust HEVC video watermarking scheme based on repetition-BCH syndrome code
97. A robust watermarking framework for high efficiency video coding (HEVC)—Encoded video with blind extraction process10.1016/j.jvcir.2015.12.007 ↗
98. An efficient framework for compressed domain watermarking in P frames of high-efficiency video coding (HEVC)—Encoded video10.1145/3002178 ↗
99. Separable reversible data hiding and encryption for HEVC video10.1007/s11554-017-0727-y ↗
100. Swati, S., Hayat, K., and Shahid, Z. (2014). A watermarking scheme for high efficiency video coding (HEVC). PLoS ONE, 9.10.1371/journal.pone.0105613 ↗