Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination with Heavy Metals from Municipal Sewage Sludge
Source abstract
Abstract
Sewage sludge (SS) is a by-product of processes conducted during the treatment of wastewater. It can be used in many different ways. One of them is the use of SS in agriculture as an organic fertiliser, but the main criterion for such use is the heavy metals (HMs) content. Knowledge of the total content of HMs in SS does not translate into the danger it may pose. The toxicity of metals is largely dependent on their mobility. The mobility of SS from three different wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, which were characterised by an increased zinc content, was examined in this study. The aim of the study was to prove whether the high level of zinc in SS actually disqualifies the possibility of its natural use. Calculations were made for five environmental hazard indicators: the geoaccumulation index of heavy metals in soil (Igeo), potential environmental risk indicator (PERI), risk assessment code (RAC), environmental risk factor (ERF), and the authors’ own environmental risk determinant (ERD) indicator. The obtained results show how important mobility analysis is when assessing the possibility of natural use of SS.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Heavy metals in environment · Radioactivity and Radon Measurements · Coal and Its By-products
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Funding
This research and the APC were funded by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, The Programme of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education—the Regional Initiative of Excellence on the basis of the contract no 025/RID/2018/19 of 28
References (45)
Show source-provided references
1. Statistics Poland (2020). Statistical Yearbook of the Regions 2019, Statistics Poland.
2. Ondreičková, K., Gubišová, M., Piliarová, M., Horník, M., Matušinský, P., Gubiš, J., Klčová, L., Hudcovicová, M., and Kraic, J. (2019). Responses of Rhizosphere Fungal Communities to the Sewage Sludge Application into the Soil. Microorganisms, 7.10.3390/microorganisms7110505 ↗
3. Risk assessment of soil contamination with heavy metals from sewage sludge and ash after its incineration10.5004/dwt.2020.25837 ↗
4. Ecotoxicological assessment of the soil fertilized with sewage sludge10.15551/pesd2020141011 ↗
5. Evaluating effects of sewage sludge on soil biochemical properties amounts (incubation experiment)
6. Lasaridi, K.-E., Manios, T., Stamatiadis, S., Chroni, C., and Kyriacou, A. (2018). The Evaluation of Hazards to Man and the Environment during the Composting of Sewage Sludge. Sustainability, 10.10.3390/su10082618 ↗
7. Influence of temperature and time of sewage sludge incineration on the mobility of heavy metals
8. (2020, December 20). Waste Act (J.L. 2013, No. 0, item. 21), Available online: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20130000021/O/D20130021.pdf.
9. Minister of the Environment (2015). Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 6 February 2015 on the Municipal Sewage Sludge (J. L. 2015, No. 0, item. 257).
10. Minister of the Economy (2015). Regulation of the Minister of the Economy of 16 of 16 July 2015 on the Acceptance of Waste for Landfilling (J.L. 2015, No.0, item. 1277).
11. European Commission (1986). Council Directive of 12 June 1986 on the Protection of the Environment, and in Particular of the Soil, When Sewage Sludge Is Used in Agriculture (86/278/EEC), European Commission.
12. (2010). Code of Federal Regulations. Protection of Environment. Chapter I—Environmental Protection Agency (Continued), Subchapter O—Sewage Sludge, Part 503—Standards for The Use Or Disposal Of Sewage Sludge, Subpart B—Land Application, Section 503.13—Pollutant limits. July 1, 2010.
13. Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China (2002). Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant.
14. Water Research Commission (2009). Guidelines for the Utilisation and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge. Vol. 2. Requirements for the Agricultural Use of Wastewater Sludge, WRC. WRC Report no: TT 262/06.
15. Sewage sludge combustion10.1016/S0360-1285(98)00020-3 ↗
16. Smiljanić, S., Tesan-Tomić, N., and Perusic, M. (2019, January 18–20). The Main Sources of Heavy Metals in the Soil and Pathways Intake. Proceedings of the Conference: Europen Energy Market, Ljubliana, Slovenia.
17. Wuana, R.A., and Okieimen, F.E. (2011). Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation. Int. Sch. Res. Not.10.5402/2011/402647 ↗
18. Indices of soil contamination by heavy metals—Methodology of calculation for pollution assessment (minireview)
19. Correia, A.A.S., Matos, M.P.S.R., Gomes, A.R., and Rasteiro, M.G. (2020). Immobilization of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils–Performance Assessment in Conditions Similar to a Real Scenario. Appl. Sci., 10.10.3390/app10227950 ↗
20. Gawdzik, J. (2013). Mobility of Selected Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge, Technical University of Kielce.
21. Bezak-Mazur, E. (2014). Specjacja w Ochronie i Inżynierii Środowiska, Polska Akademia Nauk.
22. Zwain, H., Vakili, M., and Dahlan, I. (2014). Waste Material Adsorbents for Zinc Removal from Wastewater: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Chem. Eng., 2014.10.1155/2014/347912 ↗
23. Removal of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge by isolated indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00422-1 ↗
24. Leaching characteristics of heavy metals from sewage sludge by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans MET10.2134/jeq2003.7510 ↗
25. Concentrations and Pools of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils in Stockholm, Sweden10.1023/A:1017599920280 ↗
26. (2020, October 01). Soil Contamination with Heavy Metals, Available online: http://www.zgora.pios.gov.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/8_STAN-ZANIECZYSZCZENIA-GLEB-METALAMI-CI%C4%98%C5%BBKIMI.pdf.
27. (2020, September 12). The Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection, Available online: http://www.gios.gov.pl/pl/stan-srodowiska/monitoring-jakosci-gleby-i-ziemi.
28. (2020, September 12). The Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection, Available online: https://www.gios.gov.pl/chemizm_gleb/index.php?mod=pomiary&w=26.
29. Mobility of heavy metals in sewage sludge on the example of a selected sewage treatment plan
30. The content of heavy metals species in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Mniów
31. Sequential extraction of heavy metals in mineral-organic composite
32. Total concentrations and speciation of heavy metals in municipal sludge from Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan in middle-south region of China10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.036 ↗
33. Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River
34. Quantitative evaluation of heavy metals’ pollution hazards in liquefaction residues of sewage sludge10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.117 ↗
35. Latosińska, J., and Czapik, P. (2020). The Ecological Risk Assessment and the Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in Ash after the Incineration of Municipal Sewage Sludge. Sustainability, 12.10.3390/su12166517 ↗
36. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8 ↗
37. Chemical speciation, mobility and phyto-accessibility of heavy metals in fly ash and slag from combustion of pelletized municipal sewage sludge10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.126 ↗
38. Spatial distribution of iron and manganese in bottom sediments of the Goczałkowice Reservoir
39. Tytła, M. (2019). Assessment of heavy metal pollution and potential ecological risk in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant located in the most industrialized region in Poland–Case study. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.10.3390/ijerph16132430 ↗
40. Risk assessment of heavy metals from combustion of pelletized municipal sewage sludge10.1007/s11356-015-5213-0 ↗
41. Can washing-pretreatment eliminatethe health risk of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash reuse?10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.030 ↗
42. Distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in sewage sludge after ozonation10.1007/s11356-016-6313-1 ↗
43. Reduction of environmental availability and ecological risk of heavy metals in automobile shredder residues10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.036 ↗
44. Total concentrations as fractions of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in sewage sludge form municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.11.023 ↗
45. The Essential Toxin: Impact of Zinc on Human Health10.3390/ijerph7041342 ↗