Power System Integration of Electric Vehicles: A Review on Impacts and Contributions to the Smart Grid
Source abstract
Abstract
In recent years, electric vehicles (EVs) have become increasingly popular, bringing about fundamental shifts in transportation to reduce greenhouse effects and accelerate progress toward decarbonization. The role of EVs has also experienced a paradigm shift for future energy networks as an active player in the form of vehicle-to-grid, grid-to-vehicle, and vehicle-to-vehicle technologies. EVs spend a significant part of the day parked and have a remarkable potential to contribute to energy sustainability as backup power units. In this way, EVs can be connected to the grid as stationary power units, providing a range of services to the power grid to increase its reliability and resilience. The available systems show that EVs can be used as alternative energy sources for various network systems like smart grids, microgrids, and virtual power plants besides transportation. While the grid–EV connection offers various contributions, it also has some limitations and effects. In this context, the current study highlights the power system impacts and key contributions of EVs connected to smart grids. Regarding the power system impacts in case of EV integration into smart grids, the challenges and difficulties are categorized under the power system stability, voltage/current distortions, load profile, and power losses. Voltage/current distortions like sags, unbalances, harmonics, and supraharmonics are also detailed in the study. Subsequently, the key contributions to the smart grid in terms of energy management, grid-quality support, grid balancing, and socio-economic impacts are explained. In the energy management part, issues such as power flow, load balancing, and renewable energy integration are elaborated. Then, the fault ride-through capability, reactive power compensation, harmonic mitigation, and grid loss reduction are presented to provide information on power quality enhancement. Lastly, the socio-economic impacts in terms of employment, net billing fees, integration with renewable energy sources, and environmental effects are elucidated in the present study.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure · Advanced Battery Technologies Research · Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Iskenderun Technical University, 31200 Hatay, Türkiye
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, 01250 Adana, Türkiye
Center for Research on Microgrids (CROM), AAU Energy, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, 06010 Ankara, Türkiye
Center for Research on Microgrids (CROM), Department of Electronic Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
Funding
The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) ARDEB 1001 project · BIDEB 2219 International Doctoral Research Fellowship Programme · VILLUM Investigator Grant
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Evaluation and economic analysis of battery energy storage in smart grids with wind–photovoltaic10.1093/ijlct/ctad142 ↗
2. Low-carbon technologies and just energy transition: Prospects for electric vehicles
3. Assad, U., Hassan, M.A.S., Farooq, U., Kabir, A., Khan, M.Z., Bukhari, S.S.H., Jaffri, Z.u.A., Oláh, J., and Popp, J. (2022). Smart Grid, Demand Response and Optimization: A Critical Review of Computational Methods. Energies, 15.10.3390/en15062003 ↗
4. Review on cyber-physical and cyber-security system in smart grid: Standards, protocols, constraints, and recommendations10.1016/j.jnca.2022.103540 ↗
5. A review on renewable energy and electricity requirement forecasting models for smart grid and buildings10.1016/j.scs.2020.102052 ↗
6. Shah, H., Chakravorty, J., and Chothani, N.G. (2024). Advanced IoT Technologies and Applications in the Industry 4.0 Digital Economy, CRC Press.
7. Internet of things and cloud computing-based energy management system for demand side management in smart grid10.1002/er.6141 ↗
8. Connecting multiple vehicular PEM fuel cells to electrical power grid as alternative energy sources: A Case Study10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.08.228 ↗
9. Multiport Control With Partial Power Processing in Solid-State Transformer for PV, Storage, and Fast-Charging Electric Vehicle Integration10.1109/TPEL.2022.3211000 ↗
10. Tomar, A., and Kandari, R. (2021). Advances in Smart Grid Power System, Academic Press.
11. Sree Lakshmi, G., Olena, R., Divya, G., and Hunko, I. (2020). Advances in Smart Grid Technology, Springer.
12. Sliding mode control for fuel cell supported battery charger in vehicle-to-vehicle interaction10.1002/fuce.202200105 ↗
13. Car Parking Regulations Intended for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
14. Renewable energy integration with electric vehicle technology: A review of the existing smart charging approaches10.1016/j.rser.2023.113518 ↗
15. Büyük, M., Avşar, E., and İnci, M. (2022). Overview of smart home concepts through energy management systems, numerical research, and future perspective. Energy Sources Part A Recovery Util. Environ. Eff., 1–26.10.1080/15567036.2021.2024924 ↗
16. Ancillary services and electric vehicles: An overview from charging clusters and chargers technology perspectives10.1016/j.rser.2022.112666 ↗
17. Exploring flexibility of electric vehicle aggregators as energy reserve10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106305 ↗
18. Integrating electric vehicles as virtual power plants: A comprehensive review on vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concepts, interface topologies, marketing and future prospects10.1016/j.est.2022.105579 ↗
19. A review of charge scheduling of electric vehicles in smart grid10.1109/JSYST.2014.2356559 ↗
20. Integration of electric vehicles in smart grid: A review on vehicle to grid technologies and optimization techniques10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.012 ↗
21. A survey on electric vehicle transportation within smart grid system10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.092 ↗
22. Issues and solution approaches in PHEV integration to smart grid10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.008 ↗
23. A review on electric vehicles interacting with renewable energy in smart grid10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.036 ↗
24. Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.031 ↗
25. Technoeconomic Analysis of Fuel Cell Vehicle-to-Grid (FCV2G) System Supported by Photovoltaic Energy10.1002/ente.202201162 ↗
26. Electric vehicle fleet management in smart grids: A review of services, optimization and control aspects10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.014 ↗
27. Charging Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Incorporating Grid-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Grid Technology Considering in Smart Grid10.1109/TIA.2020.3041808 ↗
28. Electric vehicles in a smart grid: A comprehensive survey on optimal location of charging station10.1049/iet-stg.2019.0220 ↗
29. Bhargavi, K., Jayalaksmi, N., Malagi, S., and Jadoun, V.K. (2020, January 28–29). Integration of Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Smart Grid: A Review. Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Electronics & IoT Applications in Renewable Energy and its Control (PARC), Mathura, India.10.1109/PARC49193.2020.236595 ↗
30. Electric vehicles in smart grid: A survey on charging load modelling10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0053 ↗
31. Energy management system for smart grid: An overview and key issues10.1002/er.4883 ↗
32. Dai, J., Dong, M., Ye, R., Ma, A., and Yang, W. (2016, January 10–13). A review on electric vehicles and renewable energy synergies in smart grid. Proceedings of the China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED), Xi’an, China.10.1109/CICED.2016.7575995 ↗
33. Khosrojerdi, F., Taheri, S., Taheri, H., and Pouresmaeil, E. (2016, January 12–14). Integration of electric vehicles into a smart power grid: A technical review. Proceedings of the IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC), Ottawa, ON, Canada.10.1109/EPEC.2016.7771784 ↗
34. Power quality improvement in smart grids using electric vehicles: A review10.1049/iet-est.2018.5023 ↗
35. Evaluation of the electric vehicle impact in the power demand curve in a smart grid environment10.1016/j.enconman.2014.03.032 ↗
36. Sivaraman, P., Raj, J.S.S., and Kumar, P.A. (2021, January 27–28). Power quality impact of electric vehicle charging station on utility grid. Proceedings of the IEEE Madras Section Conference (MASCON), Chennai, India.10.1109/MASCON51689.2021.9563528 ↗
37. Tamay, P., and Inga, E. (2022). Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles Considering Their Integration into the Smart Grid. Sustainability, 14.10.3390/su14148248 ↗
38. Impact of electric vehicles on smart grid and future predictions: A survey10.1080/02286203.2022.2148180 ↗
39. Deilami, S., and Muyeen, S. (2020). An insight into practical solutions for electric vehicle charging in smart grid. Energies, 13.10.3390/en13071545 ↗
40. Gupta, M., Giri, S., and Karthikeyan, S.P. (2018, January 9–10). Impact of Vehicle-to-Grid on Voltage Stability-Indian Scenario. Proceedings of the National Power Engineering Conference (NPEC), Madurai, India.
41. A comprehensive planning framework for electric vehicle charging infrastructure deployment in the power grid with enhanced voltage stability10.1002/etep.1886 ↗
42. A novel finite-time control scheme for enhancing smart grid frequency stability and resilience10.1109/TSG.2019.2907144 ↗
43. Intelligent load frequency controller using GrADP for island smart grid with electric vehicles and renewable resources10.1016/j.neucom.2015.04.092 ↗
44. Dharmakeerthi, C., Mithulananthan, N., and Saha, T. (October, January 29). Impact of electric vehicle load on power system oscillatory stability. Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), Hobart, TAS, Australia.
45. Optimal design of power system stabilizer for power systems including doubly fed induction generator wind turbines10.1016/j.energy.2015.01.115 ↗
46. Garwa, N., and Niazi, K.R. (2019, January 20–22). Impact of EV on Integration with Grid System–A Review. Proceedings of the 8th international conference on power systems (ICPS), Jaipur, India.10.1109/ICPS48983.2019.9067587 ↗
47. Dugan, R.C., Mc Granaghan, M.F., Santoso, S., and Beaty, H.W. (2004). Electric Power Systems Quality, Mcgraw-Hill.
48. Verma, P.K., and Goswami, G. (2021, January 10–11). Power Quality Issues Associated with Smart Grid: A Review. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on System Modeling & Advancement in Research Trends (SMART), Moradabad, India.10.1109/SMART52563.2021.9676312 ↗
49. Power quality of actual grids with plug-in electric vehicles in presence of renewables and micro-grids10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.014 ↗
50. Interline fuel cell (I-FC) system with dual-functional control capability10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.122 ↗
51. Deilami, S. (2018). Online coordination of plug-in electric vehicles considering grid congestion and smart grid power quality. Energies, 11.10.3390/en11092187 ↗
52. Waniek, C., Wohlfahrt, T., Myrzik, J.M.A., Meyer, J., Klatt, M., and Schegner, P. (2017, January 26–29). Supraharmonics: Root Causes and Interactions between Multiple Devices and the Low Voltage Grid. Proceedings of the IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (Isgt-Europe), Turin, Italy.10.1109/ISGTEurope.2017.8260267 ↗
53. Grid Impact of Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations: Trends, Standards, Issues and Mitigation Measures—An Overview10.1109/OJPEL.2021.3054601 ↗
54. Diagnosis of supraharmonics-related problems based on the effects on electrical equipment10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107179 ↗
55. Operation modes for the electric vehicle in smart grids and smart homes: Present and proposed modes10.1109/TVT.2015.2481005 ↗
56. Monteiro, V., Pinto, J.G., Exposto, B., Ferreira, J.C., and Afonso, J.L. (2014, January 27–30). Smart Charging Management for Electric Vehicle Battery Chargers. Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (Vppc), Coimbra, Portugal.10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007133 ↗
57. Evaluation of voltage sag and unbalance due to the system connection of electric vehicles on distribution system10.5370/JEET.2014.9.2.452 ↗
58. Ashourpouri, A., Dargahi, M., and Niaki, S.N. (October, January 29). Residential voltage dip and swell mitigation using Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle in smart grid. Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), Hobart, TAS, Australia.
59. Khan, M.M.H., Hossain, A., Ullah, A., Lipu, M.S.H., Siddiquee, S.M.S., Alam, M.S., Jamal, T., and Ahmed, H. (2021). Integration of Large-Scale Electric Vehicles into Utility Grid: An Efficient Approach for Impact Analysis and Power Quality Assessment. Sustainability, 13.10.3390/su131910943 ↗
60. Real-time coordination of plug-in electric vehicle charging in smart grids to minimize power losses and improve voltage profile10.1109/TSG.2011.2159816 ↗
61. Grahn, P. (2013). Electric Vehicle Charging Impact on Load Profile, KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
62. Electric vehicles charging infrastructure location: A genetic algorithm approach10.1007/s12544-017-0239-7 ↗
63. Electric vehicle charging station locations: Elastic demand, station congestion, and network equilibrium10.1016/j.trd.2019.11.008 ↗
64. An approach towards extreme fast charging station power delivery for electric vehicles with partial power processing10.1109/TIE.2019.2945264 ↗
65. Optimal charge control of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in deregulated electricity markets10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2086083 ↗
66. Integration of electric vehicles in the electric power system10.1109/JPROC.2010.2066250 ↗
67. Profile of charging load on the grid due to plug-in vehicles10.1109/TSG.2011.2165227 ↗
68. Assessment of electric vehicle charging scenarios based on demographical data10.1109/TSG.2012.2195687 ↗
69. Impact analysis of vehicle-to-grid technology and charging strategies of electric vehicles on distribution networks—A review10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.12.020 ↗
70. Wangsupphaphol, A., and Chaitusaney, S. (2022). Subsidizing Residential Low Priority Smart Charging: A Power Management Strategy for Electric Vehicle in Thailand. Sustainability, 14.10.3390/su14106053 ↗
71. Network impacts and cost savings of controlled EV charging10.1109/TSG.2012.2190307 ↗
72. Optimal Management strategies to solve issues of grid having Electric Vehicles (EV): A review10.1016/j.est.2020.102114 ↗
73. A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.130 ↗
74. Coordinated multilayer control for energy management of grid-connected AC microgrids10.1109/TIA.2019.2931490 ↗
75. Bass, R., Harley, R., Lambert, F., Rajasekaran, V., and Pierce, J. (February, January 28). Residential harmonic loads and EV charging. Proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No. 01CH37194), Columbus, OH, USA.
76. The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential Distribution Grid10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2036481 ↗
77. Peak-load management in commercial systems with electric vehicles10.1109/JSYST.2018.2850887 ↗
78. Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: A brief overview10.1039/c001674h ↗
79. How smart grid contributes to energy sustainability10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.982 ↗
80. Active/reactive energy control scheme for grid-connected fuel cell system with local inductive loads10.1016/j.energy.2020.117191 ↗
81. The methods of reactive power compensation in the 25 kV, 50 Hz contact network10.21307/tp.2018.13.1.6 ↗
82. Smart grid energy district based on the integration of electric vehicles and combined heat and power generation10.1016/j.enconman.2021.113932 ↗
83. Elgenedy, M., Massoud, A., and Ahmed, S. (2015, January 22–23). Energy in smart grid: Strategies and technologies for efficiency enhancement. Proceedings of the First workshop on smart grid and renewable energy (SGRE), Doha, Qatar.10.1109/SGRE.2015.7208719 ↗
84. Zima-Bockarjova, M., Sauhats, A., Petrichenko, L., and Petrichenko, R. (2020). Charging and discharging scheduling for electrical vehicles using a shapley-value approach. Energies, 13.10.3390/en13051160 ↗
85. Design and analysis of fuel cell vehicle-to-grid (FCV2G) system with high voltage conversion interface for sustainable energy production10.1016/j.scs.2021.102753 ↗
86. Research on Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Strategy Based on the Multiobjective Algorithm10.1155/2022/1959511 ↗
87. Electric vehicle optimum charging-discharging scheduling with dynamic pricing employing multi agent deep neural network10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.108555 ↗
88. Electric vehicle aggregator/system operator coordination for charging scheduling and services procurement
89. Sharma, S., and Jain, P. (2023). Flexible Electronics for Electric Vehicles, Springer.
90. Wu, C., Yu, H., Yang, Z., Liu, J., Sun, T., and Zhang, Q. (2022, January 22–24). Review of Research on Electric Vehicle V2G Schedule Technology Under Multi Perspective. Proceedings of the Asia Conference on Electrical, Power and Computer Engineering, Shanghai, China.10.1145/3529299.3530197 ↗
91. Integrating plug-in electric vehicles into power grids: A comprehensive review on power interaction mode, scheduling methodology and mathematical foundation10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.059 ↗
92. Nimalsiri, N., Smith, D., Ratnam, E., Mediwaththe, C., and Halgamuge, S. (2020, January 17–20). A decentralized electric vehicle charge scheduling scheme for tracking power profiles. Proceedings of the IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT), Washington, DC, USA.10.1109/ISGT45199.2020.9087797 ↗
93. Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey10.1016/j.egyr.2019.08.003 ↗
94. Revisiting static charge schedules for electric vehicles as temporary solution to low-voltage grid congestion with recent charging and grid data10.1016/j.segan.2022.100701 ↗
95. Fernandez, G.S., Krishnasamy, V., Kuppusamy, S., Ali, J.S., Ali, Z.M., El-Shahat, A., and Abdel Aleem, S.H. (2020). Optimal dynamic scheduling of electric vehicles in a parking lot using particle swarm optimization and shuffled frog leaping algorithm. Energies, 13.10.3390/en13236384 ↗
96. He, T., Lu, D.D.-C., Wu, M., Yang, Q., Li, T., and Liu, Q. (2020). Four-Quadrant Operations of Bidirectional Chargers for Electric Vehicles in Smart Car Parks: G2V, V2G, and V4G. Energies, 14.10.3390/en14010181 ↗
97. Single-stage vehicular fuel cell system with harmonic elimination capability to suppress distortion effects of electric vehicle parking lots10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234175 ↗
98. Kalman Filter-Based Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Control of Shunt Active Power Filter for Electric Vehicle Charging Station Applications
99. Improved instantaneous power theory based current harmonic extraction for unbalanced electrical grid conditions10.1016/j.epsr.2019.106014 ↗
100. Fault Ride Through in Grid Integrated Hybrid System Using FACTS Device and Electric Vehicle Charging Station10.3390/en14133828 ↗