Time-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging: A Review
Source abstract
Abstract
This article reviews the past and current statuses of time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-NIRS) and imaging. Although time-domain technology is not yet widely employed due to its drawbacks of being cumbersome, bulky, and very expensive compared to commercial continuous wave (CW) and frequency-domain (FD) fNIRS systems, TD-NIRS has great advantages over CW and FD systems because time-resolved data measured by TD systems contain the richest information about optical properties inside measured objects. This article focuses on reviewing the theoretical background, advanced theories and methods, instruments, and studies on clinical applications for TD-NIRS including some clinical studies which used TD-NIRS systems. Major events in the development of TD-NIRS and imaging are identified and summarized in chronological tables and figures. Finally, prospects for TD-NIRS in the near future are briefly described.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques · Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring · Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Center for Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofuga-oka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 434-8601, Japan
Funding
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Near infrared brain and muscle oximetry: From the discovery to current applications10.1255/jnirs.973 ↗
2. Time domain functional NIRS imaging for human brain mapping10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.106 ↗
3. A spread spectrum approach to time-domain near-infrared diffuse optical imaging using inexpensive optical transceiver modules10.1364/BOE.9.002648 ↗
4. Optical tomography in medical imaging10.1088/0266-5611/15/2/022 ↗
5. Duderstadt, J.J., and Hamilton, L.J. (1976). Nuclear Reactor Analysis, Wiley.
6. Muller, G.J. (1993). Frequency- and time-domain modelling of light transport in random media. Medical Optical Tomography: Functional Imaging and Monitoring, SPIE Optical Engineering Press.
7. Bigio, I.J., and Fantini, S. (2016). Quantitative Biomedical Optics; Theory, Methods, and Applications, Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139029797 ↗
8. Diffusion approximation for a dissipative random media and the applications10.1103/PhysRevE.50.3634 ↗
9. Photon path distribution and optical responses of turbid media: Theoretical analysis based on the microscopic Beer–Lambert law10.1088/0031-9155/46/8/303 ↗
10. Diffusion coefficient in photon diffusion theory10.1364/OL.25.000043 ↗
11. Photon diffusion coefficient in an absorbing medium10.1364/JOSAA.16.001066 ↗
12. Definition of the diffusion coefficient in scattering and absorbing media10.1364/JOSAA.20.000678 ↗
13. Independence of the diffusion coefficient from absorption: Experimental and numerical evidence10.1364/OL.22.000853 ↗
14. Tamura, Expression of the optical diffusion coefficient in high-absorption turbid media10.1088/0031-9155/42/12/017 ↗
15. Does the photon diffusion coefficient depend on absorption?10.1364/JOSAA.14.003358 ↗
16. Pulse wave scattering by an absorber and integrated attenuation in the diffusion approximation10.1364/JOSAA.14.000267 ↗
17. Photon diffusion coefficient in scattering and absorbing media10.1364/JOSAA.23.001106 ↗
18. Time resolved reflectance and transmittance for the noninvasive measurement of tissue optical properties10.1364/AO.28.002331 ↗
19. The theoretical basis for the determination of optical pathlengths in tissue: Temporal and frequency analysis10.1088/0031-9155/37/7/005 ↗
20. Light propagation in structural anisotropic media in the steady-state and time domains10.1088/0031-9155/58/17/6205 ↗
21. Model for photon migration in turbid biological media10.1364/JOSAA.4.000423 ↗
22. A Monte Carlo model for the absorption and flux distributions of light in tissue10.1118/1.595361 ↗
23. MCML—Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues10.1016/0169-2607(95)01640-F ↗
24. (2018, August 26). Monte Carlo Light Scattering Programs. Available online: https://omlc.org/software/mc/.
25. Three dimensional Monte Carlo code for photon migration through complex heterogeneous media including the adult human head10.1364/OE.10.000159 ↗
26. Study of photon migration depths with time-resolved spectroscopy10.1364/OL.16.001632 ↗
27. Photon hitting density10.1364/AO.32.000448 ↗
28. Photon-measurement density functions. Part I: Analytical forms10.1364/AO.34.007395 ↗
29. Absorption spectroscopy in tissue-simulating materials: A theoretical and experimental study of photon paths10.1364/AO.34.000022 ↗
30. Experimental estimation of the photons visiting probability profiles in time-resolved diffuse reflectance measurement10.1088/0031-9155/57/23/7973 ↗
31. Noninvasive determination of the optical properties of adult brain: Near-infrared spectroscopy approach10.1117/1.1628242 ↗
32. Martelli, F., Del Bianco, S., Ismaelli, A., and Zaccanti, G. (2010). Light Propagation through BIOLOGICAL Tissue and Other Diffusive Media, SPIE Press.10.1117/3.824746 ↗
33. Noninvasive Monitoring of Cerebral Oxygenation in Preterm Infants: Preliminary Observations10.1542/peds.75.2.217 ↗
34. Estimation of optical pathlength through tissue from direct time of flight measurement10.1088/0031-9155/33/12/008 ↗
35. Experimentally measured optical pathlengths for the adult head, calf and forearm and the head of the newborn infant as a function of inter optode spacing10.1007/978-1-4615-3404-4_17 ↗
36. Time-resolved spectroscopy of hemoglobin and myoglobin in resting and ischemic muscle10.1016/0003-2697(88)90076-0 ↗
37. O’connor, D.V., and Phillips, D. (1984). Time Correlated Single Photon Counting, Academic Press.
38. Exponential attenuation of light along nonlinear path through the biological model10.1007/978-1-4684-5643-1_10 ↗
39. Compact tissue oximeter based on dual-wavelength multichannel time-resolved reflectance10.1364/AO.38.003670 ↗
40. Near infrared time-resolved spectroscopy system for tissue oxygenation monitor10.1117/12.356809 ↗
41. Development of a time-domain optical mammograph and first in vivo applications10.1364/AO.38.002927 ↗
42. Correction for counting losses in X-ray diffractometry10.1107/S0021889805005637 ↗
43. Tissue oxygenation measurements using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy
44. Near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy system for tissue oxygenation monitor10.1117/12.407622 ↗
45. Multichannel time-resolved optical tomographic imaging system10.1063/1.1149965 ↗
46. Reduction of image artifacts induced by change in the optode coupling in time-resolved diffuse optical tomography10.1117/1.3653236 ↗
47. Time-resolved diffuse optical tomography and its application to in vitro and in vivo imaging10.1117/1.2815724 ↗
48. Ueno, M., Fukuzawa, R., Okawa, S., Yamada, Y., Kusaka, T., Nishida, T., Isobe, K., Tanikawa, Y., Gao, F., and Sato, C. (2007, January 9–11). In vivo measurement of premature neonate head using diffuse optical tomography. Book of Abstracts, 3rd Asian and Pacific Rim Symp. Proceedings of the Biophotonics (APBP2007), Cairns, Australia.
49. A 32-channel time-resolved instrument for medical optical tomography10.1063/1.1150191 ↗
50. Reflectance Diffuse Optical Tomography: Its Application to Human Brain Mapping10.1143/JJAP.44.L1203 ↗
51. MONSTIR II: A 32-channel, multispectral, time-resolved optical tomography system for neonatal brain imaging10.1063/1.4875593 ↗
52. Time-Resolved Optical Mammography and Its Preliminary Clinical Results10.7785/tcrt.2012.500217 ↗
53. Development of time-resolved reflectance diffuse optical tomography for breast cancer monitoring10.1117/12.2249597 ↗
54. Non-invasive optical estimate of tissue composition to differentiate malignant from benign breast lesions: A pilot study10.1038/srep40683 ↗
55. A clinical tissue oximeter using NIR time-resolved spectroscopy10.1007/978-1-4939-3023-4_54 ↗
56. A Compact Two-Wavelength Time-Domain NIRS System Based on SiPM and Pulsed Diode Lasers
57. Probe-hosted silicon photomultipliers for time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy: Phantom and in vivo tests10.1117/1.NPh.3.4.045004 ↗
58. Time-resolved diffuse optical tomography using fast-gated single-photon avalanche diodes10.1364/BOE.4.001351 ↗
59. Towards next-generation time-domain diffuse optics for extreme depth penetration and sensitivity10.1364/BOE.6.001749 ↗
60. Characterization of a time-resolved non-contact scanning diffuse optical imaging system exploiting fast-gated single-photon avalanche diode detection10.1063/1.4944562 ↗
61. Enhanced detection of early photons in time-domain optical imaging by running in the “dead-time” regime10.1364/OL.41.003225 ↗
62. Kalyanov, A., Jiang, J.-J., Lindner, S., Ahnen, L., di Costanzo, A., Mata Pavia, J., Sanchez Majos, S., and Wolf, M. (2018, January 3–6). Time Domain Near-Infrared Optical Tomography with Time-of-Flight SPAD Camera: The New Generation. Proceedings of the Optical Tomography and Spectroscopy, Biophotonics Congress: Biomedical Optics Congress 2018, OSA, FL, USA.10.1364/OTS.2018.OF4D.5 ↗
63. Time-resolved diffusive optical imaging using pseudo-random bit sequences10.1364/OE.11.003445 ↗
64. Fast time-domain diffuse optical tomography using pseudorandom bit sequences10.1364/OE.16.013643 ↗
65. Improved sensitivity to cerebral hemodynamics during brain activation with a time-gated optical system: Analytical model and experimental validation10.1117/1.1852553 ↗
66. Functional tomography using a time-gated ICCD camera10.1364/BOE.2.000705 ↗
67. Broadband time-resolved multi-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy system to monitor in vivo physiological changes of human brain activity10.1364/AO.57.006417 ↗
68. Stable tissue-simulating phantoms with various water and lipid contents for diffuse optical spectroscopy10.1364/BOE.9.005792 ↗
69. Application of the Finite-Element Method for the Forward and Inverse Models in Optical Tomography10.1007/BF01248356 ↗
70. Lewis, E.E., and Miller, W.F. (1993). Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, Inc.
71. Experimental and numerical analysis of short-pulse laser interaction with tissue phantoms containing inhomogeneities10.1364/AO.42.005173 ↗
72. Time-resolved optical tomography using short-pulse laser for tumor detection10.1364/AO.45.006270 ↗
73. Modeling of light propagation in the human neck for diagnoses of thyroid cancers by diffuse optical tomography10.1002/cnm.2826 ↗
74. Applying a new computational method for biological tissue optics based on the time-dependent two-dimensional radiative transfer equation
75. Accurate and efficient computation of the 3D radiative transfer equation in highly forward-peaked scattering media using a renormalization approach10.1016/j.jcp.2018.07.047 ↗
76. Solution of the time-dependent Boltzmann equation10.1103/PhysRevE.56.1135 ↗
77. Heuristic Green’s function of the time dependent radiative transfer equation for a semi-infinite medium10.1364/OE.15.018168 ↗
78. Infinite space Green’s function of the time-dependent radiative transfer equation10.1364/BOE.3.000543 ↗
79. Green’s function of the time-dependent radiative transport equation in terms of rotated spherical harmonics10.1103/PhysRevE.86.036603 ↗
80. Hybrid Green’s function of the time-dependent radiative transfer equation for anisotropically scattering semi-infinite media10.1117/1.JBO.18.1.015001 ↗
81. The radiative transfer equation for scattering media with a spatially varying refractive index10.1088/1464-4258/1/3/001 ↗
82. A new diffusion approximation to the radiative transfer equation for scattering media with spatially varying refractive indices10.1088/1464-4258/5/2/310 ↗
83. Derivation of the radiative transfer equation for scattering media with a spatially varying refractive index10.1016/j.optcom.2003.09.076 ↗
84. Hyperbolic damped-wave models for transient light-pulse propagation in scattering media10.1364/AO.35.003372 ↗
85. Photon migration at short times and distances and in cases of strong absorption10.1364/JOSAA.14.000235 ↗
86. General perturbation technique for the calculation of radiative effects in scattering and absorbing media10.1364/JOSAA.19.002281 ↗
87. Imaging through scattering media by the use of an analytical model of perturbation amplitudes in the time domain10.1364/AO.35.006788 ↗
88. Inclusion characterization in a scattering slab with time-resolved transmittance measurements: Perturbation analysis10.1364/AO.39.002840 ↗
89. Accuracy of a perturbation model to predict the effect of scattering and absorbing inhomogeneities on photon migration10.1364/AO.40.004622 ↗
90. Experimental test of a perturbation model for time-resolved imaging in diffusive media10.1364/AO.42.003145 ↗
91. Perturbation model for light propagation through diffusive layered media10.1088/0031-9155/50/9/016 ↗
92. Limits of high-order perturbation theory in time-domain optical mammography10.1103/PhysRevE.74.031908 ↗
93. Evaluation of higher-order time-domain perturbation theory of photon diffusion on breast-equivalent phantoms and optical mammograms10.1103/PhysRevE.76.061908 ↗
94. Perturbation theory for the diffusion equation by use of the moments of the generalized temporal point-spread function. I. Theory10.1364/JOSAA.23.002105 ↗
95. Perturbation theory for the diffusion equation by use of the moments of the generalized temporal point-spread function. III. Frequency-domain and time-domain results10.1364/JOSAA.27.001723 ↗
96. Solution of the time-dependent diffusion equation for layered diffusive media by the eigenfunction method10.1103/PhysRevE.67.056623 ↗
97. Effect of the refractive index mismatch on light propagation through diffusive layered media10.1103/PhysRevE.70.011907 ↗
98. Investigation of two-layered turbid media with time-resolved reflectance10.1364/AO.37.006852 ↗
99. Real-space Green’s function calculation for the solution of the diffusion equation in stratified turbid media10.1364/JOSAA.17.002046 ↗
100. Asymptotic behavior and inverse problem in layered scattering media10.1364/JOSAA.21.000024 ↗