journal article·2020-10-06Open access

A Review on Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robots

Hassan M. Qassim, W. Z. Wan Hasan

Applied Sciences· Volume 10· Issue 19

Abstract

Rehabilitation is the process of treating post-stroke consequences. Impaired limbs are considered the common outcomes of stroke, which require a professional therapist to rehabilitate the impaired limbs and restore fully or partially its function. Due to the shortage in the number of therapists and other considerations, researchers have been working on developing robots that have the ability to perform the rehabilitation process. During the last two decades, different robots were invented to help in rehabilitation procedures. This paper explains the types of rehabilitation treatments and robot classifications. In addition, a few examples of well-known rehabilitation robots will be explained in terms of their efficiency and controlling mechanisms.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery · EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces · Muscle activation and electromyography studies

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Technical Engineering College of Mosul, Northern Technical University, Mosul 41001, Iraq

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia

Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia

References (79)

Show source-provided references
1. A review of technological and clinical aspects of robot-aided rehabilitation of upper-extremity after stroke
2. Stroke types and management10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183439 ↗
3. A Review of Rehabilitation Strategies for Stroke Recovery
4. Evidence for improved muscle activation patterns after retraining of reaching movements with the MIME robotic system in subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis10.1109/TNSRE.2004.827225 ↗
5. Advances and challenges in stroke rehabilitation
6. Sebastian, G., Li, Z., Tan, Y., and Oetomo, D. (2019, January 9–12). Force Observer for an Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robotic Device using Iterative Learning Control. Proceedings of the 12th Asian Control Conference ASCC, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan.
7. A comparison between electromyography-driven robot and passive motion device on wrist rehabilitation for chronic stroke10.1177/1545968309338191 ↗
8. Wrist Rehabilitation Assisted by an Electromyography-Driven Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Robot after Stroke10.1177/1545968314565510 ↗
9. Upper-limb robotic exoskeletons for neurorehabilitation: A review on control strategies10.1109/RBME.2016.2552201 ↗
10. Rehabilitation robots for the treatment of sensorimotor deficits: A neurophysiological perspective10.1186/s12984-018-0383-x ↗
11. (2020, July 23). Active vs. Passive Exercises during Rehabilitation—Flint Rehab. Available online: https://www.flintrehab.com/active-vs-passive-exercises-during-rehab/.
12. Stretch reflex adaptation in elbow flexors during repeated passive movements in unilateral brain-injured patients10.1016/S0003-9993(00)90070-4 ↗
13. An exoskeleton arm optimal configuration determination using inverse kinematics and genetic algorithm
14. NEUROExos: A powered elbow exoskeleton for physical rehabilitation10.1109/TRO.2012.2211492 ↗
15. Developing a multi-joint upper limb exoskeleton robot for diagnosis, therapy, and outcome evaluation in neurorehabilitation10.1109/TNSRE.2012.2225073 ↗
16. Individual muscle control using an exoskeleton robot for muscle function testing10.1109/TNSRE.2010.2047116 ↗
17. Design and control of an upper limb rehabilitation support device for disabled people using a pneumatic cylinder10.1108/01439911011044813 ↗
18. Subasi, A. (2019). Electromyogram-Controlled Assistive Devices, Elsevier Ltd.10.1016/B978-0-08-102420-1.00017-0 ↗
19. Robotic therapy for chronic motor impairments after stroke: Follow-up results10.1016/j.apmr.2003.11.028 ↗
20. Upper and lower extremity robotic devices for rehabilitation and for studying motor control10.1097/00019052-200312000-00010 ↗
21. A robot-assisted bilateral upper limb training strategy with subject-specific workspace: A pilot study10.1016/j.robot.2019.103334 ↗
22. Bilateral robots for upper-limb stroke rehabilitation: State of the art and future prospects10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.04.004 ↗
23. Pignolo, L., Dolce, G., Basta, G., Lucca, L.F., Serra, S., and Sannita, W.G. (2012, January 24–27). Upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: ARAMIS a robo-mechatronic innovative approach and prototype. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob), Rome, Italy.10.1109/BioRob.2012.6290868 ↗
24. Rehabilitation robots10.1108/IR-03-2018-0046 ↗
25. Perception as a Route for Motor Skill Learning: Perspectives from Neuroscience10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.016 ↗
26. Zhang, H., Austin, H., Buchanan, S., Herman, R., Koeneman, J., and He, J. (July, January 29). Feasibility studies of robot-assisted stroke rehabilitation at clinic and home settings using RUPERT. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, Zurich, Switzerland.
27. Cable driven exoskeleton for upper-limb rehabilitation: A design review10.1016/j.robot.2020.103445 ↗
28. Assistive Control System Using Continuous Myoelectric Signal in Robot-Aided Arm Training for Patients After Stroke10.1109/TNSRE.2008.926707 ↗
29. Effects of arm training with the robotic device ARMin i in chronic stroke: Three single cases10.1159/000262444 ↗
30. Islam, M.R., Spiewak, C., Rahman, M.H., and Fareh, R. (2017). A Brief Review on Robotic Exoskeletons for Upper Extremity Rehabilitation to Find the Gap between Research Porotype and Commercial Type. Adv. Robot. Autom., 6.10.4172/2168-9695.1000177 ↗
31. Effects of robot-assisted upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients: A systematic review with meta-analysis10.1007/s10072-017-2995-5 ↗
32. EMG-based pattern recognition approach in post stroke robot-aided rehabilitation: A feasibility study10.1186/1743-0003-10-75 ↗
33. A review on the evolvement trend of robotic interaction control10.1108/IR-02-2016-0073 ↗
34. Guo, S., Gao, J., Guo, J., Zhang, W., and Hu, Y. (2016, January 7–10). Design of the structural optimization for the upper limb rehabilitation robot. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Harbin, China.10.1109/ICMA.2016.7558730 ↗
35. Prehension of an Anthropomorphic Metamorphic Robotic Hand
36. Hogan, N., Krebs, H.I., Charnnarong, J., Srikrishna, P., and Sharon, A. (1992, January 1–3). MIT-MANUS: A Workstation for Manual Therapy and Training I. Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Communication, Tokyo, Japan.
37. A paradigm shift for rehabilitation robotics10.1109/MEMB.2008.919498 ↗
38. Robot-assisted movement training compared with conventional therapy techniques for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor function after stroke10.1053/apmr.2001.33101 ↗
39. Nef, T., Mihelj, M., Colombo, G., and Riener, R. (2006, January 15–19). ARMin—Robot for rehabilitation of the upper extremities. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Orlando, FL, USA.
40. Why effectiveness of robot-mediated neurorehabilitation does not necessarily influence its adoption10.1109/RBME.2014.2300234 ↗
41. Understanding and treating arm movement impairment after chronic brain injury: Progress with the ARM guide
42. Mihelj, M., Nef, T., and Riener, R. (2007, January 10–14). ARMin II—7 DoF rehabilitation robot: Mechanics and kinematics. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Roma, Italy.10.1109/ROBOT.2007.364112 ↗
43. Nef, T., and Riener, R. (July, January 28). ARMin—Design of a novel arm rehabilitation robot. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, Chicago, IL, USA.
44. Keller, U., Schölch, S., Albisser, U., Rudhe, C., Curt, A., Riener, R., and Klamroth-Marganska, V. (2015). Robot-assisted arm assessments in spinal cord injured patients: A consideration of concept study. PLoS ONE, 10.10.1371/journal.pone.0126948 ↗
45. Upper-limb powered exoskeleton design10.1109/TMECH.2007.901934 ↗
46. A systematic review on fatigue analysis in triceps brachii using surface electromyography10.1016/j.bspc.2017.10.008 ↗
47. Development of a robotic upper limb assessment to configure a serious game10.3233/NRE-182525 ↗
48. Robotic assisted rehabilitation in virtual reality with the L-EXOS
49. Housman, S.J., Le, V., Rahman, T., Sanchez, R.J., and Remkensrneyer, D.J. (2007, January 13–15). Arm-training with T-WREX after chronic stroke: Preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE 10th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, Noordwijk, The Netherlands.10.1109/ICORR.2007.4428481 ↗
50. Upper Limb Rehabilitation using Robotic Exoskeleton Systems: A Systematic Review10.1007/s41315-018-0064-8 ↗
51. Robot-Mediated upper Limb Physiotherapy for Patients with Spastic Hemiparesis: A Preliminary Study10.2340/16501977-0087 ↗
52. Toth, A., Fazekas, G., Arz, G., Jurak, M., and Horvath, M. (July, January 28). Passive Robotic Movement Therapy of the Spastic Hemiparetic Arm with REHAROB: Report of the First Clinical Test and the Follow-up System Improvement. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, Chicago, IL, USA.
53. Klein, J., Spencer, S.J., Allington, J., Minakata, K., Wolbrecht, E.T., Smith, R., Bobrow, J.E., and Reinkensmeyer, D.J. (2008, January 19–22). Biomimetic orthosis for the neurorehabilitation of the elbow and shoulder (BONES). Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.10.1109/BIOROB.2008.4762866 ↗
54. Ruiz-Olaya, A.F., Quinayas Burgos, C.A., and Londono, L.T. (2019, January 10–12). A Low-Cost Arm Robotic Platform based on Myoelectric Control for Rehabilitation Engineering. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 10th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON), New York, NY, USA.10.1109/UEMCON47517.2019.8993080 ↗
55. Gopura, R.A., Bandara, D.S., and Gunasekara, J.M. (2013). Recent Trends in EMG-Based Control Methods for Assistive Robots. Electrodiagnosis New Front. Clin. Res.10.5772/56174 ↗
56. Sidek, M.H.M., Hasan, W.Z.W., Kadir, M.Z.A.A., Shafie, S., Radzi, M.A.M., Ahmad, S.A., and Marhaban, M.H. (2014, January 1–3). GPS based portable dual-axis solar tracking system using astronomical equation. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon), Kuching, Malaysia.10.1109/PECON.2014.7062450 ↗
57. Nazmi, N., Rahman, M.A.A., Yamamoto, S.I., Ahmad, S.A., Zamzuri, H., and Mazlan, S.A. (2016). A review of classification techniques of EMG signals during isotonic and isometric contractions. Sensors, 16.10.3390/s16081304 ↗
58. Trends and challenges in EMG based control scheme of exoskeleton robots-a review
59. Sabry, A.H., Hasan, W.Z.W., Ab Kadir, M.Z.A., Radzi, M.A.M., and Shafie, S. (2017). DC-based smart PV-powered home energy management system based on voltage matching and RF module. PLoS ONE, 12.10.1371/journal.pone.0185012 ↗
60. DiCicco, M., Lucas, L., and Matsuoka, Y. (May, January 26). Comparison of control strategies for an EMG controlled orthotic exoskeleton for the hand. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
61. Wege, A., and Zimmermann, A. (2007, January 15–18). Electromyography sensor based control for a hand exoskeleton. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), Sanya, China.10.1109/ROBIO.2007.4522381 ↗
62. Neuro-fuzzy control of a robotic exoskeleton with EMG signals10.1109/TFUZZ.2004.832525 ↗
63. Gopura, R.A.R.C., and Kiguchi, K. (2009, January 23–26). Mechanical designs of active upper-limb exoskeleton robots state-of-the-art and design difficulties. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, Kyoto, Japan.10.1109/ICORR.2009.5209630 ↗
64. Lenzi, T., De Rossi, S.M.M., Vitiello, N., and Carrozza, M.C. (September, January 30). Proportional EMG control for upper-limb powered exoskeletons. Proceedings of the 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Boston, MA, USA.10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6090139 ↗
65. Real-time myoprocessors for a neural controlled powered exoskeleton arm10.1109/TBME.2006.880883 ↗
66. Robotic and Sensor Technology for Upper Limb Rehabilitation
67. Almassri, A.M.M., Hasan, W.Z.W., Ahmad, S.A., and Ishak, A.J. (2013, January 25–27). A sensitivity study of piezoresistive pressure sensor for robotic hand. Proceedings of the RSM 2013 IEEE Regional Symposium on Micro and Nanoelectronics, Langkawi, Malaysia.10.1109/RSM.2013.6706574 ↗
68. Fukuda, O., Tsuji, T., Ohtsuka, A., and Kaneko, M. (1998, January 20–20). EMG-based human-robot interface for rehabilitation aid. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.98CH36146), Leuven, Belgium.
69. An exoskeletal robot for human elbow motion support—Sensor fusion, adaptation, and control10.1109/3477.931520 ↗
70. An Exoskeleton for Human Elbow and Forearm Motion Assist
71. Kiguchi, K., and Quan, Q. (2008, January 1–6). Muscle-model-oriented EMG-based control of an upper-limb power-assist exoskeleton with a neuro-fuzzy modifier. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence), Hong Kong, China.
72. Unanyan, N.N., and Belov, A.A. (2019, January 26–29). Signal-based approach to EMG-sensor fault detection in upper limb prosthetics. Proceedings of the 20th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC), Krakow-Wieliczka, Poland.10.1109/CarpathianCC.2019.8765960 ↗
73. Using recurrent artificial neural network model to estimate voluntary elbow torque in dynamic situations10.1007/BF02344728 ↗
74. Almassri, A.M.M., Hasan, W.Z.W., Ahmad, S.A., Shafie, S., Wada, C., and Horio, K. (2018). Self-calibration algorithm for a pressure sensor with a real-time approach based on an artificial neural network. Sensors, 18.10.3390/s18082561 ↗
75. Non-linearity in wide dynamic range CMOS image sensors utilizing a partial charge transfer technique10.3390/s91209452 ↗
76. Variation of Muscle Coactivation Patterns in Chronic Stroke During Robot-Assisted Elbow Training10.1016/j.apmr.2007.05.006 ↗
77. A review on EMG-based motor intention prediction of continuous human upper limb motion for human-robot collaboration10.1016/j.bspc.2019.02.011 ↗
78. Huang, Y., Su, S.W., and Song, R. (2020). Voluntary Intention-Driven Rehabilitation Robots for the Upper Limb, Elsevier Inc.10.1016/B978-0-12-814942-3.00007-6 ↗
79. Prosthetic hand control: A multidisciplinary review to identify strengths, shortcomings, and the future10.1016/j.bspc.2019.101588 ↗