Applications of Magnesium and Its Alloys: A Review
Source abstract
Abstract
Magnesium is a promising material. It has a remarkable mix of mechanical and biomedical properties that has made it suitable for a vast range of applications. Moreover, with alloying, many of these inherent properties can be further improved. Today, it is primarily used in the automotive, aerospace, and medical industries. However, magnesium has its own set of drawbacks that the industry and research communities are actively addressing. Magnesium’s rapid corrosion is its most significant drawback, and it dramatically impeded magnesium’s growth and expansion into other applications. This article reviews both the engineering and biomedical aspects and applications for magnesium and its alloys. It will also elaborate on the challenges that the material faces and how they can be overcome and discuss its outlook.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Magnesium Alloys: Properties and Applications · Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Hydrogen Storage and Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
References (83)
Show source-provided references
1. Shand, M.A. (2006). History of Magnesia. The Chemistry and Technology of Magnesia, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1002/0471980579 ↗
2. Dobrzański, L.A. (2019). The Importance of Magnesium and Its Alloys in Modern Technology and Methods of Shaping Their Structure and Properties. Magnesium and Its Alloys, CRC Press.10.1201/9781351045476-1 ↗
3. Corrosion Mechanisms of Magnesium Alloys10.1002/(SICI)1527-2648(199909)1:1<11::AID-ADEM11>3.0.CO;2-N ↗
4. Magnesium-Based Implants: A Mini-Review10.1684/mrh.2015.0375 ↗
5. U.S. Geological Survey (2020, October 25). 01-341, Magnesium, Its Alloys and Compounds, Available online: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-341/.
6. Durlach, J. (2006). Overview of Magnesium Research: History and Current Trends. New Perspectives in Magnesium Research, Springer.
7. The History of Biodegradable Magnesium Implants: A Review10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.028 ↗
8. Czerwinski, F. (2008). Magnesium and Its Alloys. Magnesium Injection Molding, Springer.10.1007/978-0-387-72528-4 ↗
9. Emsley, J. (2021, June 26). Magnesium. Available online: https://edu.rsc.org/elements/magnesium/2020016.article.
10. Powell, B.R., Krajewski, P.E., and Luo, A.A. (2021). Magnesium Alloys for Lightweight Powertrains and Automotive Structures. Materials, Design and Manufacturing for Lightweight Vehicles, Elsevier.10.1016/B978-0-12-818712-8.00004-5 ↗
11. Dieringa, H., Stjohn, D., Prado, M.T.P., and Kainer, K. (2021). Editorial: Latest Developments in the Field of Magnesium Alloys and Their Applications. Front. Mater.10.3389/978-2-88971-284-7 ↗
12. (2020, October 10). ReportLinker, Global Magnesium Industry, Global Industry Analysis 2020. Available online: https://www.reportbuyer.com/product/5799036/global-magnesium-industry.html.
13. U.S. Geological Survey (2020). Mineral Commodity Summaries (Magnesium Metals), Department of the Interior.
14. Magnesium Alloys and Applications10.1179/mst.1994.10.1.1 ↗
15. Lca of Magnesium Production10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.05.001 ↗
16. Magnesium: The First Quarter Millennium10.1007/s11837-005-0248-1 ↗
17. Magnesium Production by a Coupled Electric and Thermal Field10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109822 ↗
18. Assessing Environmental Impact of Magnesium Production Using Pidgeon Process in China10.1016/S1003-6326(08)60129-6 ↗
19. Global Warming Impact of the Magnesium Produced in China Using the Pidgeon Process10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.02.003 ↗
20. The Carbothermic Route To Magnesium10.1007/s11837-006-0024-x ↗
21. Solar Carbothermic Reduction of Dolime as a Promising Option To Produce Magnesium and Calcium10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04856 ↗
22. Wang, Y., Fu, P., Wang, N., Peng, L., Kang, B., Zeng, H., Yuan, G., and Ding, W. (2020). Challenges and Solutions for the Additive Manufacturing of Biodegradable Magnesium Implants. Engineering.10.1016/j.eng.2020.02.015 ↗
23. Additive Manufacturing of Magnesium Alloys
24. Kurzynowski, T., Pawlak, A., and Smolina, I. (2020). The Potential of Slm Technology for Processing Magnesium Alloys in Aerospace Industry. Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., 20.10.1007/s43452-020-00033-1 ↗
25. Additive Manufacturing of Biodegradable Metals: Current Research Status and Future Perspectives10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.046 ↗
26. Davim, J.P. (2020). Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing: Emergent Technologies, De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110549775 ↗
27. International Magnesium Association (2020, October 10). Recycling Magnesium. Available online: https://www.intlmag.org/page/sustain_recycle_ima.
28. Life-Cycle Assessment of the Recycling of Magnesium Vehicle Components10.1007/s11837-013-0703-3 ↗
29. Magnesium Recycling: To the Grave and Beyond10.1007/s11837-013-0701-5 ↗
30. Recycling of Magnesium Waste into Magnesium Hydroxide Aerogels10.1016/j.jece.2020.104101 ↗
31. Moosbrugger, C., and Marquard, L. (2017). Engineering Properties of Magnesium Alloys, ASM International.
32. Magnesium and Its Alloys Applications in Automotive Industry10.1007/s00170-007-1279-2 ↗
33. Biomedical Coatings on Magnesium Alloys—A Review10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.012 ↗
34. Protective Coatings on Magnesium and Its Alloys—A Critical Review10.1016/S0925-8388(01)01899-0 ↗
35. Precipitation and Hardening in Magnesium Alloys10.1007/s11661-012-1217-2 ↗
36. Introduction To Magnesium Alloy Processing Technology and Development of Low-Cost Stir Casting Process for Magnesium Alloy and Its Composites10.1016/j.jma.2018.05.006 ↗
37. Abbott, T. (2019). Casting Technologies, Microstructure and Properties. Magnesium and Its Alloys, CRC Press.10.1201/9781351045476-2 ↗
38. Effect of Alloying Elements on Fracture Toughness and Ductility in Magnesium Binary Alloys; A Review10.2320/matertrans.MT-M2019185 ↗
39. The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Az31 Magnesium Alloy Aircraft Brackets Produced by a New Forging Technology10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.059 ↗
40. Fujisawa, S., and Yonezu, A. (2014). Mechanical Property of Microstructure in Die-Cast Magnesium Alloy Evaluated By Indentation Testing at Elevated Temperature. Recent Advances in Structural Integrity Analysis—Proceedings of the International Congress (Apcf/Sif-2014), Elsevier.10.1533/9780081002254.422 ↗
41. Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites: Lightweight Materials of the Future10.1016/j.matchar.2015.04.015 ↗
42. Tekumalla, S., and Gupta, M. (2019). Processing, Properties and Potential Applications of Magnesium Alloy-Based Nanocomposites: A Review. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-030-35790-0_1 ↗
43. Biomedical Magnesium Alloys: A Review of Material Properties, Surface Modifications and Potential as a Biodegradable Orthopaedic Implant10.5923/j.ajbe.20120206.02 ↗
44. (2021, May 13). Memsnet®. Material: Aluminum (Al), Bulk. Available online: http://www.memsnet.org/material/aluminumalbulk/.
45. Davis, J.R. (2001). Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys, ASM International.
46. Chakraborty Banerjee, P., Al-Saadi, S., Choudhary, L., Harandi, S.E., and Singh, R. (2019). Magnesium Implants: Prospects and Challenges. Materials, 12.10.3390/ma12010136 ↗
47. Silver, F.H., and Christiansen, D.L. (1999). Mechanical Properties of Tissues. Biomaterials Science and Biocompatibility, Springer.10.1007/978-1-4612-0557-9 ↗
48. Bone Mechanical Properties in Healthy and Diseased States10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121139 ↗
49. Magnesium10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01351-4 ↗
50. Gupta, M. (2017). Utilizing Magnesium Based Materials To Reduce Green House Gas Emissions in Aerospace Sector. Aeronaut. Aerosp. Open Access J., 1.10.15406/aaoaj.2017.01.00005 ↗
51. Gialanella, S., and Malandruccolo, A. (2020). Alloys for Aircraft Structures. Aerospace Alloys, Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-030-24440-8 ↗
52. Luo, A.A. (2013). Applications: Aerospace, Automotive and Other Structural Applications of Magnesium. Fundamentals of Magnesium Alloy Metallurgy, Elsevier.10.1533/9780857097293.266 ↗
53. Jeal, N. (2020, November 01). High-Performance Magnesium. Advanced Materials & Processes. 2005. pp. 65–67. Available online: https://www.asminternational.org/documents/10192/1882931/amp16309p065.pdf/2eea78b4-8417-4e95-bf5b-98041cc3209f.
54. Emergence of God’s Favorite Metallic Element: Magnesium Based Materials for Engineering and Biomedical Applications10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.220 ↗
55. Tekumalla, S., and Gupta, M. (2020). Introductory Chapter: An Insight Into Fascinating Potential of Magnesium. Magnesium—The Wonder Element for Engineering/Biomedical Applications, IntechOpen.10.5772/intechopen.90866 ↗
56. The Current Trends of Mg Alloys in Biomedical Applications—A Review10.1002/jbm.b.34290 ↗
57. Current Status on Clinical Applications of Magnesium-Based Orthopaedic Implants: A Review From Clinical Translational Perspective10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.017 ↗
58. Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys for Medical Application: A Review10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.07.022 ↗
59. Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys as Temporary Orthopaedic Implants: A Review10.1007/s10534-019-00170-y ↗
60. Witte, F., Hort, N., Feyerabend, F., and Vogt, C. (2011). Magnesium (Mg) Corrosion: A Challenging Concept for Degradable Implants. Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys, Elsevier.10.1533/9780857091413.3.403 ↗
61. Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys for Orthopaedic Applications: A Review on Corrosion, Biocompatibility and Surface Modifications10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.020 ↗
62. Zeng, R.-C., Yin, Z.-Z., Chen, X.-B., and Xu, D.-K. (2018). Corrosion Types of Magnesium Alloys. Magnesium Alloys—Selected Issue, IntechOpen.10.5772/intechopen.80083 ↗
63. Control OF Biodegradation of Biocompatable Magnesium Alloys10.1016/j.corsci.2007.01.001 ↗
64. Song, G., Atrens, A., and Stjohn, D. (2016). An Hydrogen Evolution Method for the Estimation of the Corrosion Rate of Magnesium Alloys. Essential Readings in Magnesium Technology, Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-319-48099-2_90 ↗
65. Enhanced Corrosion Resistance of Bio-Piezoelectric Composite Coatings on Medical Magnesium Alloys10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108939 ↗
66. Mousa, H.M., Chan, H.P., and Kim, C.S. (2017). Surface Modification of Magnesium and its Alloys Using Anodization for Orthopedic Implant Application. Magnesium Alloys, IntechOpen.10.5772/66341 ↗
67. Narayanan, T.S.N.S., Park, I.-S., and Lee, M.-H. (2015). Surface Modification of Magnesium and its Alloys for Biomedical Applications. Surface Modification of Magnesium and Its Alloys for Biomedical Applications, Elsevier.10.1016/B978-1-78242-077-4.00002-4 ↗
68. Advance in Antibacterial Magnesium Alloys and Surface Coatings on Magnesium Alloys: A Review10.1007/s40195-020-01044-w ↗
69. Adaptive Antibacterial Biomaterial Surfaces and Their Applications10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100017 ↗
70. Systematic Study of Inherent Antibacterial Properties of Magnesium-Based Biomaterials10.1021/acsami.6b02241 ↗
71. Bactericidal Effect of Magnesium Ions over Planktonic and Sessile Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Escherichia Coli10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.09.050 ↗
72. Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys Developed as Bone Repair Materials: A Review10.1155/2018/9216314 ↗
73. Biodegradable Magnesium-Based Implants in Orthopedics—A General Review and Perspectives10.1002/advs.201902443 ↗
74. Magnesium-Based Absorbable Metal Screws for Intra-Articular Fracture Fixation
75. European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (2021, June 30). MAGNEZIX®—The Metal Implant that Becomes Bone. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eip/ageing/sites/eipaha/files/innovative_procurement_files/EIPonAHA-2.1-Magnezix-The_metal_implant_that_becomes_bone.pdf.
76. Long-Term Clinical Study and Multiscale Analysis of In Vivo Biodegradation Mechanism of Mg Alloy10.1073/pnas.1518238113 ↗
77. (2021, June 30). Biospectrum Asia. Singapore Makes Ground-Breaking Innovation in Facial Fracture Fixation. Available online: https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/54/17376/singapore-makes-ground-breaking-innovation-in-facial-fracture-fixation.html.
78. Herber, V., Okutan, B., Antonoglou, G., Sommer, N.G., and Payer, M. (2021). Bioresorbable Magnesium-Based Alloys as Novel Biomaterials in Oral Bone Regeneration: General Review and Clinical Perspectives. J. Clin. Med., 10.10.3390/jcm10091842 ↗
79. Schilling, T., Bauer, M., Lalonde, L., Maier, H.J., Haverich, A., and Hassel, T. (2017). Cardiovascular Applications of Magnesium Alloys. Magnesium Alloys, IntechOpen.10.5772/66182 ↗
80. Sangeetha, K., Jisha Kumari, A.V., Venkatesan, J., Sukumaran, A., Aisverya, S., and Sudha, P.N. (2018). Degradable Metallic Biomaterials for Cardiovascular Applications. Fundamental Biomaterials: Metals, Elsevier.10.1016/B978-0-08-102205-4.00013-1 ↗
81. Evolution of Metallic Cardiovascular Stent Materials: A Comparative Study Among Stainless Steel, Magnesium and Zinc10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119641 ↗
82. Advances in Coatings on Magnesium Alloys for Cardiovascular Stents—A Review
83. Scafa Udriște, A., Niculescu, A.-G., Grumezescu, A.M., and Bădilă, E. (2021). Cardiovascular Stents: A Review of Past, Current, and Emerging Devices. Materials, 14.10.3390/ma14102498 ↗