DataVXApplied SciencesPaper
journal article·2017-07-14Open access

SwissFEL: The Swiss X-ray Free Electron Laser

Christopher Milne, Thomas Schietinger, Masamitsu Aiba, Arturo Alarcon, Jürgen Alex, Alexander Anghel, Vladimir Arsov, Carl Beard, Paul Beaud, Simona Bettoni, Markus Bopp, Helge Brands, Manuel Brönnimann, Ingo Brunnenkant, Marco Calvi, Alessandro Citterio, Paolo Craievich, Marta Csatari Divall, Mark Dällenbach, Michael D’Amico, Andreas Dax, Yunpei Deng, Alexander Dietrich, Roberto Dinapoli, Edwin Divall, Sladana Dordevic, Simon Ebner, Christian Erny, Hansrudolf Fitze, Uwe Flechsig, Rolf Follath, Franziska Frei, Florian Gärtner, Romain Ganter, Terence Garvey, Zheqiao Geng, Ishkhan Gorgisyan, Christopher Gough, Andreas Hauff, Christoph Hauri, Nicole Hiller, Tadej Humar, Stephan Hunziker, Gerhard Ingold, Rasmus Ischebeck, Markus Janousch, Pavle Juranić, Mario Jurcevic, Maik Kaiser, Babak Kalantari, Roger Kalt, Boris Keil, Christoph Kittel, Gregor Knopp, Waldemar Koprek, Henrik Lemke, Thomas Lippuner, Daniel Llorente Sancho, Florian Löhl, Carlos Lopez-Cuenca, Fabian Märki, Fabio Marcellini, Goran Marinkovic, Isabelle Martiel, Ralf Menzel, Aldo Mozzanica, Karol Nass, Gian Orlandi, Cigdem Ozkan Loch, Ezequiel Panepucci, Martin Paraliev, Bruce Patterson, Bill Pedrini, Marco Pedrozzi, Patrick Pollet, Claude Pradervand, Eduard Prat, Peter Radi, Jean-Yves Raguin, Sophie Redford, Jens Rehanek, Julien Réhault, Sven Reiche, Matthias Ringele, Jochen Rittmann, Leonid Rivkin, Albert Romann, Marie Ruat, Christian Ruder, Leonardo Sala, Lionel Schebacher, Thomas Schilcher, Volker Schlott, Thomas Schmidt, Bernd Schmitt, Xintian Shi, Markus Stadler, Lukas Stingelin, Werner Sturzenegger, Jakub Szlachetko, Dhanya Thattil, Daniel Treyer, Alexandre Trisorio, Wolfgang Tron, Seraphin Vetter, Carlo Vicario, Didier Voulot, Meitian Wang, Thierry Zamofing, Christof Zellweger, Riccardo Zennaro, Elke Zimoch, Rafael Abela, Luc Patthey, Hans-Heinrich Braun

Applied Sciences· Volume 7· Issue 7
Publisher pageOpen full text
Source abstract

Abstract

The SwissFEL X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) facility started construction at the Paul Scherrer Institute (Villigen, Switzerland) in 2013 and will be ready to accept its first users in 2018 on the Aramis hard X-ray branch. In the following sections we will summarize the various aspects of the project, including the design of the soft and hard X-ray branches of the accelerator, the results of SwissFEL performance simulations, details of the photon beamlines and experimental stations, and our first commissioning results.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques · Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers · Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. The physics of X-ray free-electron lasers10.1103/RevModPhys.88.015006 ↗
2. Coherence properties of the European XFEL10.1088/1367-2630/12/3/035021 ↗
3. Coherence properties of the radiation from X-ray free electron laser10.1016/j.optcom.2007.10.044 ↗
4. Statistical and coherence properties of radiation from X-ray free-electron lasers10.1088/1367-2630/12/3/035010 ↗
5. Generating femtosecond X-ray pulses using an emittance-spoiling foil in free-electron lasers10.1063/1.4935429 ↗
6. Femtosecond X-ray pulse length characterization at the Linac Coherent Light Source free-electron laser10.1088/1367-2630/13/9/093024 ↗
7. Ultrafast X-ray pulse characterization at free-electron lasers10.1038/nphoton.2012.276 ↗
8. Measuring the temporal structure of few-femtosecond free-electron laser X-ray pulses directly in the time domain10.1038/nphoton.2014.278 ↗
9. Determination of the Pulse Duration of an X-ray Free Electron Laser Using Highly Resolved Single-Shot Spectra10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.144801 ↗
10. Anomalous nonlinear X-ray Compton scattering10.1038/nphys3452 ↗
11. X-ray Second Harmonic Generation10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.163901 ↗
12. Double core-hole creation by sequential attosecond photoionization10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.043001 ↗
13. X-ray two-photon absorption competing against single and sequential multiphoton processes10.1038/nphoton.2014.10 ↗
14. X-ray and optical wave mixing10.1038/nature11340 ↗
15. Establishing nonlinearity thresholds with ultraintense X-ray pulses10.1038/srep33292 ↗
16. Wilmott, P. (2011). An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation: Techniques and Applications, Wiley.10.1002/9781119970958 ↗
17. Linac Coherent Light Source: The first five years10.1103/RevModPhys.88.015007 ↗
18. Gawelda, W., Szlachetko, J., and Milne, C.J. (2016). X-ray Spectroscopy at Free Electron Lasers. X-ray Absorption and X-ray Emission Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.10.1002/9781118844243.ch22 ↗
19. X-ray lasers for structural and dynamic biology10.1088/0034-4885/75/10/102601 ↗
20. Using synchrotrons and XFELs for time-resolved X-ray crystallography and solution scattering experiments on biomolecules10.1016/j.sbi.2015.07.017 ↗
21. AMO science at the FLASH and European XFEL free-electron laser facilities10.1088/0953-4075/46/16/164002 ↗
22. Self-terminating diffraction gates femtosecond X-ray nanocrystallography measurements10.1038/nphoton.2011.297 ↗
23. Serial femtosecond crystallography: The first five years10.1107/S205225251402702X ↗
24. Serial femtosecond crystallography: A revolution in structural biology10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.036 ↗
25. First lasing and operation of an ångstrom-wavelength free-electron laser10.1038/nphoton.2010.176 ↗
26. (2017, July 03). The Paul Scherrer Institute. Available online: https://www.psi.ch/.
27. Stimulated emission of bremsstrahlung in a periodic magnetic field10.1063/1.1660466 ↗
28. In-vacuum undulators of SPring-810.1107/S0909049597015720 ↗
29. Brightness, coherence and propagation characteristics of synchrotron radiation10.1016/0168-9002(86)90048-3 ↗
30. Bane, K.L.F. (1991). The Short Range Resistive Wall Wakefields, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University. Technical Report, SLAC/AP-87.
31. Pulse length control in an X-ray FEL by using wakefields10.1016/S0168-9002(03)00959-8 ↗
32. Prat, E., and Reiche, S. (2014, January 25–28). Update on FEL performance for SwissFEL. Proceedings of the 36th International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2014), Basel, Switzerland.
33. Beutner, B. (2012, January 26–31). Bunch compression layout and longitudinal operation modes for the SwissFEL Aramis Line. Proceedings of the 34th International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2012), Nara, Japan.
34. Generation of ultra-short, high brightness electron beams for single-spike SASE FEL operation10.1016/j.nima.2008.04.083 ↗
35. Generation of large-bandwidth X-ray free-electron-laser pulses10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.090702 ↗
36. Wang, L., Ding, Y., and Huang, Z. (2011, January 4–9). Optimization for single-spike X-ray FELS at LCLS with a low charge beam. Proceedings of the 2nd International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC 2011), San Sebastián, Spain.
37. Transverse gradient in Apple-type undulators10.1107/S1600577517004726 ↗
38. Undulator beamline optimization with integrated chicanes for X-ray free-electron-laser facilities10.1107/S1600577516007165 ↗
39. Generation of ultra-large-bandwidth X-ray free-electron-laser pulses with a transverse-gradient undulator10.1107/S1600577516007177 ↗
40. Two-color operation of a free-electron laser with a tilted beam10.1107/S1600577516007189 ↗
41. Efficient generation of short and high-power X-ray free-electron-laser pulses based on superradiance with a transversely tilted beam10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.18.100701 ↗
42. Simple Method to Generate Terawatt-Attosecond X-ray Free-Electron-Laser Pulses10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.244801 ↗
43. Raguin, J.-Y., Bopp, M., Citterio, A., and Scherer, A. (2012, January 9–14). The Swiss FEL RF gun: RF design and thermal analysis. Proceedings of the 26th Linear Accelerator Conference (LINAC 2012), Tel Aviv, Israel.
44. Raguin, J.-Y. (2012, January 9–14). The Swiss FEL S-Band Accelerating Structure: RF Design. Proceedings of the 26th Linear Accelerator Conference (LINAC 2012), Tel Aviv, Israel.
45. Pedrozzi, M., Calvi, M., Ischebeck, R., Reiche, S., Vicario, C., Fell, B.D., and Thompson, N. (2014, January 25–28). The laser heater system of SwissFEL. Proceedings of the 36th International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2014), Basel, Switzerland.
46. X-band rf structure with integrated alignment monitors10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.12.062001 ↗
47. Dehler, M., Atieh, S., Gudkov, D., Lebet, S., Riddone, G., Shi, J., Citterio, A., Zennaro, R., Scherrer, P., and D’Auria, G. (2011, January 4–9). Fabrication of the CERN/PSI/ST X-band accelerating structures. Proceedings of the 2nd International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC 2011), San Sebastián, Spain.
48. Dehler, M., Zennaro, R., Citterio, A., Lebet, S., Riddone, G., Shi, J., Samoshkin, A., Gudkov, D., D’Auria, G., and Serpico, C. (2012, January 2–25). A multi purpose x band accelerating structure. Proceedings of the International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC 2012), New Orleans, LA, USA.
49. Commissioning experience and beam physics measurements at the SwissFEL Injector Test Facility10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.100702 ↗
50. Intrinsic emittance reduction of copper cathodes by laser wavelength tuning in an rf photoinjector10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.18.033401 ↗
51. Measurements of copper and cesium telluride cathodes in a radio-frequency photoinjector10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.18.043401 ↗
52. Measurements of intrinsic emittance dependence on rf field for copper photocathodes10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.18.063401 ↗
53. Ferrario, M., Clendenin, J.E., Palmer, D.T., Rosenzweig, J.B., and Serafini, L. (1999, January 9–11). HOMDYN Study for the LCLS rf Photo-Injector. Proceedings of 2nd ICFA Advanced Accelerator Workshop on the Physics of High Brightness Beams, Los Angeles, CA, USA.10.1142/9789812792181_0037 ↗
54. Low emittance injector design for free electron lasers10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.18.123403 ↗
55. Four-dimensional transverse beam matrix measurement using the multiple-quadrupole scan technique10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.17.052801 ↗
56. Emittance measurements and minimization at the SwissFEL Injector Test Facility10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.17.104401 ↗
57. Preservation of low slice emittance in bunch compressors10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.034402 ↗
58. Paraliev, M., Gough, C., Dordevic, S., and Braun, H. (2014, January 25–28). High stability resonant kicker development for the SwissFEL switch yard. Proceedings of the 36th International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2014), Basel, Switzerland.
59. Loehl, F., Alex, J., Blumer, H., Bopp, M., Braun, H., Citterio, A., Ellenberger, U., Fitze, H., Joehri, H., and Kleeb, T. (2013, January 26–29). Status of the swissfel c-band linear accelerator. Proceedings of the 35th International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2013), New York, NY, USA.
60. Loehl, F., Alex, J., Blumer, H., Bopp, M., Braun, H., Citterio, A., Ellenberger, U., Fitze, H., Joehri, H., and Kleeb, T. (2014, January 25–28). Status of the SwissFEL C-band linac. Proceedings of the 36th International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2014), Basel, Switzerland.
61. Raguin, J.-Y., and Bopp, M. (2012, January 9–14). The Swiss FEL C-band accelerating structure: RF design and thermal analysis. Proceedings of the 26th Linear Accelerator Conference (LINAC 2012), Tel Aviv, Israel.
62. Ellenberger, U., Paly, L., Blumer, H., Zumbach, C., Loehl, F., Bopp, M., and Fitze, H. (2013, January 26–29). Status of the manufacturing process for the SwissFEL C-band accelerating structures. Proceedings of the 35th International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2013), New York, NY, USA.
63. Zennaro, R., Bopp, M., Citterio, A., Reiser, R., and Stapf, T. (2013, January 12–17). C-band RF pulse compressor for SwissFEL. Proceedings of the 4th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC 2013), Shanghai, China.
64. Ellenberger, U., Blumer, H., Bopp, M., Citterio, A., Heusser, M., Kleeb, M., Paly, L., Probst, M., Stapf, T., and Zennaro, R. (2014, January 25–29). The SwissFEL C-band RF pulse compressor: Manufacturing and proof of precision by RF measurements. Proceedings of the 36th International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2014), Basel, Switzerland.
65. Loehl, F. (2016, January 25–30). Status of SwissFEL. Proceedings of the 28th Linear Accelerator Conference (LINAC 2016), East Lansing, MI, USA.
66. Tanaka, T., Tsusu, R., Nakajima, T., Seike, T., and Kitamura, H. (2007, January 26–31). In-situ undulator field measurement with the SAFALI system. Proceedings of the 29th International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2007), Novosibirsk, Russia.
67. Calvi, M., Brügger, M., Danner, S., Imhof, A., Jöhri, H., Schmidt, T., and Scoular, C. (2012, January 26–31). SwissFEL U15 magnet assembly: First experimental results. Proceedings of the 34th International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2012), Nara, Japan.
68. Calvi, M., Camenzuli, C., Ganter, R., Sammut, N., and Schmidt, T. Magnetic Measurement Optimisation and Modelling of the SwissFEL U15 In-Vacuum Undulators. J. Synchrotron Radiat., To be submitted.
69. Beam-based alignment for the LCLS FEL undulator10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00117-5 ↗
70. (2017, July 03). Available online: http://www.bergoz.com/ict-bcm-ihr?d=7.
71. Stulle, F., and Bergoz, J. (2015, January 23–28). Turbo-ICT pico-Coulomb calibration to percent-level accuracy. Proceedings of the 37th International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2015), Daejeon, Korea.
72. Keil, B., Baldinger, R., Ditter, R., Koprek, W., Kramert, R., Marcellini, F., Marinkovic, G., Roggli, M., Rohrer, M., and Stadler, M. (2013, January 16–19). Design of the SwissFEL BPM system. Proceedings of the 2nd International Beam Instrumentation Conference (IBIC 2013), Oxford, UK.
73. A compact X-ray free-electron laser emitting in the sub-ångström region10.1038/nphoton.2012.141 ↗
74. Transverse profile imager for ultrabright electron beams10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.18.082802 ↗
75. Design and experimental tests of free electron laser wire scanners10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.092802 ↗
76. Orlandi, G.L., Aiba, M., Bettoni, S., Beutner, B., Brands, H., Ischebeck, R., Prat, E., Peier, P., Schietinger, T., and Schlott, V. (2012, January 1–4). Bunch-compressor transverse profile monitors of the SwissFEL Injector Test Facility. Proceedings of the 1st International Beam Instrumentation Conference (IBIC 2012), Tsukuba, Japan.
77. Orlandi, G.L., Aiba, M., Baerenbold, F., Bettoni, S., Beutner, B., Brands, H., Craievich, P., Frei, F., Ischebeck, R., and Pedrozzi, M. (2013, January 16–19). Characterization of compressed bunches in the SwissFEL injector test facility. Proceedings of the 2nd International Beam Instrumentation Conference (IBIC 2013), Oxford, UK.
78. Bettoni, S., and Reiche, S. (April, January 28). High resolution method for uncorrelated energy spread measurement. Presented at Workshop on Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams, Havana, Cuba. (unpublished).
79. Loew, G.A., and Altenmueller, O.H. (1965, January 9–16). Design and applications of R.F. deflecting structures at SLAC. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on High-Energy Accelerators, Frascati, Italy.
80. Akre, R., Bentson, L., Emma, P.J., and Krejcik, P. (2001, January 18–22). A transverse RF deflecting structure for bunch length and phase space diagnostics. Proceedings of the 19th Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC 2001), Chicago, IL, USA.
81. Akre, R., Bentson, L., Emma, P.J., and Krejcik, P. (2002, January 3–7). Bunch length measurements using a transverse RF deflecting structure in the SLAC linac. Proceedings of the 8th European Particle Accelerator Conference (EPAC 2002), Paris, France.
82. General and efficient dispersion-based measurement of beam slice parameters10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.17.032801 ↗
83. Electron bunch timing with femtosecond precision in a superconducting free-electron laser10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.144801 ↗
84. Arsov, V., Dehler, M., Hunziker, S., Kaiser, M., and Schlott, V. (2013, January 16–19). First results from the bunch arrival-time monitor at the SwissFEL test injector. Proceedings of the 2nd International Beam Instrumentation Conference (IBIC 2013), Oxford, UK.
85. Arsov, V., Aiba, M., Dehler, M., Frei, F., Hunziker, S., Kaiser, M., Romann, A., and Schlott, V. (2014, January 25–29). Commissioning and results from the bunch arrival-time monitor downstream the bunch compressor at the SwissFEL injector test facility. Proceedings of the 36th International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2014), Basel, Switzerland.
86. Evaluation of the cone-shaped pickup performance for low charge sub-10 fs arrival-time measurements at free electron laser facilities10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.18.012801 ↗
87. Frei, F., Gorgisyan, I., Smit, B., Orlandi, G.L., Beutner, B., Prat, E., Ischebeck, R., Schlott, V., and Peier, P. (2013, January 16–19). Development of electron bunch compression monitors for SwissFEL. Proceedings of the 2nd International Beam Instrumentation Conference (IBIC 2013), Oxford, UK.
88. Optical design of the ARAMIS-beamlines at SwissFEL10.1063/1.4952788 ↗
89. Formation of Optical Images by X-rays10.1364/JOSA.38.000766 ↗
90. Koyama, T., Yumoto, H., Tono, K., Sato, T., Togashi, T., Inubushi, Y., Katayama, T., Kim, J., Matsuyama, S., and Mimura, H. (2013, January 18). Damage threshold investigation using grazing incidence irradiation by hard X-ray free electron laser. Proceedings of the SPIE 8848, Advances in X-ray/EUV Optics and Components VIII, San Diego, CA, USA.10.1117/12.2025377 ↗
91. Aquila, A., Ozkan, C., Sobierajski, R., Hajkova, V., Burian, T., Chalupsky, J., Juha, L., Störmer, M., Ohashi, H., and Koyama, T. (2013, January 3). Results from single shot grazing incidence hard X-ray damage measurements conducted at the SACLA FEL. Proceedings of the SPIE 8777, Damage to VUV, EUV, and X-ray Optics IV; and EUV and X-ray Optics: Synergy between Laboratory and Space III, Prague, Czech Republic.10.1117/12.2017725 ↗
92. Fluence thresholds for grazing incidence hard X-ray mirrors10.1063/1.4922380 ↗
93. Physical optics simulations with Phase for SwissFEL beamlines10.1063/1.4952912 ↗
94. (2017, July 14). Dynamic Structures & Materials, LLC, Franklin, TN, USA. Available online: http://www.dynamic-structures.com.
95. Pulse energy measurement at the hard X-ray laser in Japan10.1063/1.4733354 ↗
96. Absolute pulse energy measurements of soft X-rays at the Linac Coherent Light Source10.1364/OE.22.021214 ↗
97. Feng, Y., Feldkamp, J.M., Fritz, D.M., Cammarata, M., Robert, A., Caronna, C., Lemke, H.T., Zhu, D., Lee, S., and Boutet, S. (2011, January 23–25). A single-shot intensity-position monitor for hard X-ray FEL sources. Proceedings of the SPIE 8140, X-ray Lasers and Coherent X-ray Sources: Development and Applications IX, San Diego, CA, USA.10.1117/12.893740 ↗
98. Single-shot beam-position monitor for X-ray free electron laser10.1063/1.3549133 ↗
99. Recent developments in X-ray imaging with micrometer spatial resolution10.1107/S0909049506000550 ↗
100. Naito, T. (2014, January 14–18). YAG:Ce screen monitor using a gated CCD camera. Proceedings of the 3rd International Beam Instrumentation Conference (IBIC 2014), Monterey, CA, USA.