journal article·2022-02-03Open access

IoT-Enabled Smart Cities: A Review of Concepts, Frameworks and Key Technologies

Pierfrancesco Bellini, Paolo Nesi, Gianni Pantaleo

Applied Sciences· Volume 12· Issue 3

Abstract

In recent years, smart cities have been significantly developed and have greatly expanded their potential. In fact, novel advancements to the Internet of things (IoT) have paved the way for new possibilities, representing a set of key enabling technologies for smart cities and allowing the production and automation of innovative services and advanced applications for the different city stakeholders. This paper presents a review of the research literature on IoT-enabled smart cities, with the aim of highlighting the main trends and open challenges of adopting IoT technologies for the development of sustainable and efficient smart cities. This work first provides a survey on the key technologies proposed in the literature for the implementation of IoT frameworks, and then a review of the main smart city approaches and frameworks, based on classification into eight domains, which extends the traditional six domain classification that is typically adopted in most of the related works.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Smart Cities and Technologies · IoT and Edge/Fog Computing · IoT Networks and Protocols

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Distributed Systems and Internet Technology Lab (DISIT), University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Ejaz, W., and Anpalagan, A. (2019). Internet of Things for Smart Cities: Technologies, Big Data and Security, Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-95037-2 ↗
2. QoE in IoT: A vision, survey and future directions10.1007/s43926-021-00006-7 ↗
3. Bauer, M., Sanchez, L., and Song, J.S. (2021). IoT-enabled smart cities: Evolution and outlook. Sensors, 21.10.3390/s21134511 ↗
4. IoT in smart cities: A contemporary survey10.1016/j.gltp.2021.08.069 ↗
5. (2022, January 17). UN-GGMI Report, Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017. Available online: https://ggim.un.org/documents/a_res_71_313.pdf.
6. State of Art Survey For IoT effects on smart city, technology: Challenges, opportunities, and solutions10.9734/ajrcos/2021/v8i330202 ↗
7. Syed, A.S., Sierra-Sosa, D., Kumar, A., and Elmaghraby, A. (2021). IoT in smart cities: A survey of technologies, practices and challenges. Smart Cities, 4.10.3390/smartcities4020024 ↗
8. Improved generic layer model for IoT architecture
9. Towards Internet of Things: Survey and future vision
10. Zhong, C.-L., Zhu, Z., and Huang, R.-G. (2015, January 18–24). Study on the IoT architecture and gateway technology. Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications for Business Engineering and Science, Guiyang, China.10.1109/DCABES.2015.56 ↗
11. Burhan, M., Rehman, R.A., Khan, B., and Kim, B.S. (2018). IoT elements, layered architectures and security issues: A comprehensive survey. Sensors, 18.10.3390/s18092796 ↗
12. Marques, G., Garcia, N., and Pombo, N. (2017). A survey on IoT: Architectures, elements, applications, QoS, platforms and security concepts. Advances in Mobile Cloud Computing and Big Data in the 5G Era, Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-45145-9_5 ↗
13. Badidi, E., Mahrez, Z., and Sabir, E. (2020). Fog computing for smart cities’ big data management and analytics: A review. Future Internet, 12.10.3390/fi12110190 ↗
14. Internet of Things: Architectures, protocols, and applications
15. A survey on visual programming languages in Internet of Things
16. Overview and evaluation of Bluetooth low energy: An emerging low-power wireless technology10.3390/s120911734 ↗
17. Alvear, O., Calafate, C.T., Cano, J.C., and Manzoni, P. (2018). Crowdsensing in smart cities: Overview, platforms, and environment sensing issues. Sensors, 18.10.3390/s18020460 ↗
18. A survey on Internet of Things architectures
19. Ahmed, S. (2014, January 5–7). Performance analysis of Mobile WiMAX Technology. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), New Delhi, India.10.1109/IndiaCom.2014.6828106 ↗
20. Ghazal, T.M., Hasan, M.K., Alshurideh, M.T., Alzoubi, H.M., Ahmad, M., Akbar, S.S., Al Kurdi, B., and Akour, I.A. (2021). IoT for smart cities: Machine learning approaches in smart healthcare—A review. Future Internet, 13.10.3390/fi13080218 ↗
21. Smart choice for the smart grid: Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT)10.1109/JIOT.2017.2781251 ↗
22. A first look at energy consumption of NB-IoT in the wild: Tools and large-scale measurement10.1109/TNET.2021.3096656 ↗
23. El Fawal, A.H., Mansour, A., Najem, M., Le Roy, F., and Le Jeune, D. (2017, January 18–20). LTE-M adaptive eNodeB for emergency scenarios. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju, Korea.10.1109/ICTC.2017.8191035 ↗
24. Ratasuk, R., Mangalvedhe, N., Bhatoolaul, D., and Ghosh, A. (2017, January 4–8). LTE-M evolution towards 5G massive MTC. Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Singapore.10.1109/GLOCOMW.2017.8269112 ↗
25. IoT evolution: What’s next?10.1109/MWC.2021.9615126 ↗
26. Linh, P.M., and Kim, T. (2018, January 27–30). A study of the Z-Wave Protocol: Implementing your own smart home gateway. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems (ICCCS), Nagoya, Japan.10.1109/CCOMS.2018.8463281 ↗
27. A comparative study of LPWAN technologies for large-scale IoT deployment10.1016/j.icte.2017.12.005 ↗
28. Impact of 5G technologies on smart city implementation10.1007/s11277-018-5618-4 ↗
29. Badii, C., Bellini, P., Cenni, D., Marazzini, M., Nesi, P., Pantaleo, G., Paolucci, M., Soderi, M., Zaza, I., and Belay, E.G. (2018, January 8–12). Snap4City: A scalable IOT/IOE platform for developing smart city applications. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computing, Scalable, Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovations, Guangzhou, China.10.1109/SmartWorld.2018.00353 ↗
30. A comprehensive survey on interoperability for IioT: Taxonomy, standards, and future directions10.1145/3485130 ↗
31. Middleware for the Internet of Things: A survey on requirements, enabling technologies, and solutions10.1016/j.sysarc.2021.102098 ↗
32. Badii, C., Bellini, P., Difino, A., Nesi, P., Pantaleo, G., and Paolucci, M. (2019). MicroServices Suite for smart city applications. Sensors, 19.10.3390/s19214798 ↗
33. Badii, C., Bellini, P., Cenni, D., Mitolo, N., Nesi, P., Pantaleo, G., and Soderi, M. (2020, January 2–6). Industry 4.0 synoptics controlled by IoT applications in Node-RED. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conferences on Internet of Things (iThings), Rhodes, Greece.10.1109/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData-Cybermatics50389.2020.00028 ↗
34. Deep learning for short-term prediction of available bikes on bike-sharing stations10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3110794 ↗
35. Bellini, P., Bugli, F., Nesi, P., Pantaleo, G., Paolucci, M., and Zaza, I. (2019, January 19–23). Data flow management and visual analytic for big data smart city/IOT. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation, Leicester, UK.10.1109/SmartWorld-UIC-ATC-SCALCOM-IOP-SCI.2019.00276 ↗
36. Smart city IoT platform respecting GDPR privacy and security aspects10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2968741 ↗
37. Mardacany, E. (2014, January 4–5). Smart cities characteristics: Importance of buit environments components. Proceedings of the IET Conference on Future Intelligent Cities, London, UK.10.1049/ic.2014.0045 ↗
38. Demirel, D. (2021). How the smart governance model shapes cities? Cases from Europe. J. Enterprising Communities.10.1108/JEC-08-2021-0115 ↗
39. Smart governance in the context of smart cities: A literature review
40. Shahrour, I., and Xie, X. (2021). Role of Internet of Things (IoT) and crowdsourcing in smart city projects. Smart Cities, 4.10.3390/smartcities4040068 ↗
41. Internet of Things in E-Government: Applications and challenges
42. Coardos, D., Tirziu, E., and Gheorge-Moisii, M. (2019, January 30–31). A general framework based on IoT technology for smart governance. Proceedings of the 2019 IE (Informatics in Economy) International Conference, Bucharest, Romania.10.12948/ie2019.06.03 ↗
43. Enhanced functionality brings new privacy and security issues—An analysis of eI10.5817/MUJLT2018-1-1 ↗
44. Badii, C., Bellini, P., Difino, A., and Nesi, P. (2018). Sii-mobility: An IoT/IoE architecture to enhance smart city mobility and transportation services. Sensors, 19.10.3390/s19010001 ↗
45. Barcevicius, E., Cibaite, G., Codagnone, G., Gineikyte, V., Klimaviciute, L., Liva, G., Matulevic, L., Misuraca, G., and Vanini, I. (2019). Exploring Digital Government transformation in the EU, Publications Office of the European Union. JRC118857.
46. Building a smart city: Lessons from Barcelona10.1145/3117800 ↗
47. A smart city initiative: The case of Barcelona10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9 ↗
48. Defining and assessing the transformational nature of smart city governance: Insights from four European cases10.1177/0020852318757063 ↗
49. Smarter than smart: Rio de Janeiro’s flawed emergence as a smart city10.1080/10630732.2015.1102423 ↗
50. Chang, F., and Das, D. (2020). Smart nation Singapore: Developing policies for a citizen-oriented smart city initiative. Developing National Urban Policies: Ways Forward to Green and Smart Cities, Springer.10.1007/978-981-15-3738-7_18 ↗
51. Is civic data governance the key to democratic smart cities? The role of the urban data trust in Sidewalk Toronto10.1016/j.tele.2020.101456 ↗
52. Data trusts and the governance of smart environments: Lessons from the failure of Sidewalk Labs10.24908/ss.v19i2.14409 ↗
53. The making of smart cities: Are Songdo, Masdar, Amsterdam, San Francisco and Brisbane the best we could build?10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104187 ↗
54. Lee, S.K., Kwon, H.R., Cho, H., Kim, J., and Lee, D. (2022, January 17). International Case Studies of Smart Cities: Songdo, Republic of Korea, IDB Report. Available online: https//publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/International-Case-Studies-of-Smart-Cities-Songdo-Republic-of-Korea.pdf.
55. Deep learning enabled smart mats as a scalable floor monitoring system10.1038/s41467-020-18471-z ↗
56. Lombardi, M., Pascale, F., and Santaniello, D. (2021). Internet of Things: A general overview between architectures, protocols and applications. Information, 12.10.3390/info12020087 ↗
57. A review of building information modeling (BIM) and the internet of things (IoT) devices integration: Present status and future trends10.1016/j.autcon.2019.01.020 ↗
58. Towards sustainable smart cities: A review of trends, architectures, components, and open challenges in smart cities10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.053 ↗
59. Promoting smart cities into the 5G era with multi-field Internet of Things (IoT) applications powered with advanced mechanical energy harvesters10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106304 ↗
60. A fully self-powered, ultra-stable cholesteric smart window triggered by instantaneous mechanical stimuli10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105976 ↗
61. Self-powered control interface based on Gray code with hybrid triboelectric and photovoltaics energy harvesting for IoT smart home and access control applications10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104456 ↗
62. Fadhil, J.A., Omar, O.A., and Sarhan, Q.I. (2020, January 16–18). A survey on the applications of smart home systems. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CSASE), Duhok, Iraq.10.1109/CSASE48920.2020.9142103 ↗
63. Design and validation of a multifunctional android-based smart home control and monitoring system10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950684 ↗
64. Ye, B.H., Ye, H., and Law, R. (2020). Systematic review of smart tourism research. Sustainability, 12.10.3390/su12083401 ↗
65. Wi-Fi based city users’ behaviour analysis for smart city10.1016/j.jvlc.2017.08.005 ↗
66. Sanchez-Corcuera, R., Nuñez-Marcos, A., and Sesma-Solance, J. (2019). Smart cities survey: Technologies, application domains and challenges for the cities of the future. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., 15.10.1177/1550147719853984 ↗
67. Du, J. (2021, January 5–7). Application analysis of IoT technology in smart cities. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on E-Commerce and Internet Technology (ECIT), Hangzhou, China.10.1109/ECIT52743.2021.00064 ↗
68. Alam, T. (2021). Cloud-based IoT applications and their roles in smart cities. Smart Cities, 4.10.3390/smartcities4030064 ↗
69. Khan, M.S., Woo, M., Nam, K., and Chathoth, P.K. (2017). Smart city and smart tourism: A case of Dubai. Sustainability, 9.10.3390/su9122279 ↗
70. Paiva, S., Ahad, M.A., Tripathi, G.S., Feroz, N., and Casalino, G. (2021). Enabling technologies for urban smart mobility: Recent trends, opportunities and challenges. Sensors, 21.10.3390/s21062143 ↗
71. Biyik, C., Abareshi, A., Paz, A., Ruiz, R.A., Battarra, R., Rogers, C.D.F., and Lizarraga, C. (2021). Smart mobility adoption: A review of the literature. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex., 7.10.3390/joitmc7020146 ↗
72. Vehicle-to-everything (v2x) services supported by LTE-based systems and 5G10.1109/MCOMSTD.2017.1700015 ↗
73. Mobility routing model for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs)
74. De Souza, A.M., Brennand, C.A., Yokoyama, R.S., Donato, E.A., Madeira, E.R., and Villas, L.A. (2017). Traffic management systems: A classification, review, challenges, and future perspectives. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., 13.10.1177/1550147716683612 ↗
75. Usha, B.A., Sangeetha, K.N., Suchit, T.E., Shyam, A., and Suryanarayanan, A. (2020, January 4–5). Comprehensive review of smart cities using IoT. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO), Noida, India.10.1109/ICRITO48877.2020.9197792 ↗
76. The role of shared autonomous vehicle systems in delivering smart urban mobility: A systematic review of the literature10.1080/15568318.2020.1798571 ↗
77. Barriga, J.J., Sulca, J., Leon, J.L., Ulloa, A., Portero, D., Andrade, R., and Yoo, S.G. (2019). Smart parking: A Literature review from the technological perspective. Appl. Sci., 9.10.3390/app9214569 ↗
78. Assessment of the effect of using air conditioning on the vehicle’s real fuel consumption10.1007/s12008-021-00750-8 ↗
79. Cepeliauskaite, G., Keppner, B., Simkute, Z., Stasiskiene, Z., Leuser, L., Kalnina, I., Kotovica, N., Andins, J., and Muiste, M. (2021). Smart-mobility services for climate mitigation in urban areas: Case studies of Baltic countries and Germany. Sustainability, 13.10.3390/su13084127 ↗
80. A preliminary assessment of regulatory efforts to steer smart mobility in London and Seattle10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.10.015 ↗
81. SmartSantander: IoT experimentation over a smart city testbed10.1016/j.bjp.2013.12.020 ↗
82. Smart utopia VS smart reality: Learning by experience from 10 smart city cases10.1016/j.cities.2016.10.005 ↗
83. Kezai, P.K., Fischer, S., and Lados, M. (2020). Smart economy and startup enterprises in the Visegrád Countries—A comparative analysis based on the Crunchbase Database. Smart Cities, 3.10.3390/smartcities3040070 ↗
84. Kumar, T.M.V. (2017). Smart Economy in Smart Cities: International Collaborative Research: Ottawa, St.Louis, Stuttgart, Bologna, Cape Town, Nairobi, Dakar, Lagos, New Delhi, Varanasi, Vijayawada, Kozhikode, Hong Kong, Springer.
85. Bellini, P., Nesi, P., Palesi, A.L.I., and Pantaleo, G. (2021, January 29–30). Fashion retail recommendation system by multiple clustering. Proceedings of the 27th International DMS Conference on Visualization and Visual Languages (DMSVIVA 2021), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
86. Hu, R. (2019). The state of smart cities in China: The case of Shenzhen. Energies, 12.10.3390/en12224375 ↗
87. Liu, Y.Y., Hung, M.H., Lin, Y.C., Chen, C.C., Gao, W.L., and Cheng, F.T. (2018, January 20–24). A Cloud-based pluggable manufacturing service scheme for smart factory. Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), Munich, Germany.10.1109/COASE.2018.8560401 ↗
88. Literature review of Industry 4.0 and related technologies10.1007/s10845-018-1433-8 ↗
89. Yet a smarter irrigation system
90. (2022, January 17). Six Real World Examples of Digital Transformation. Available online: https://www.smartindustry.com/blog/smart-industry-connect/six-real-world-examples-of-digital-transformation/.
91. Akin-Ponnle, A.E., and Carvalho, N.B. (2021). energy harvesting mechanisms in a smart city—A review. Smart Cities, 4.10.3390/smartcities4020025 ↗
92. Belli, L., Cilfone, A., Davoli, L., Ferrari, G., Adorni, P., Di Nocera, F., Dall’Olio, A., Pellegrini, C., Mordacci, M., and Bertolotti, E. (2020). IoT-enabled smart sustainable cities: Challenges and approaches. Smart Cities, 3.10.3390/smartcities3030052 ↗
93. Autonomous self-healing in smart distribution grids using multi agent systems10.1109/TII.2018.2889741 ↗
94. Intelligent system for lighting control in smart cities10.1016/j.ins.2016.08.045 ↗
95. Sensing technologies for monitoring intelligent buildings: A review10.1109/JSEN.2018.2829268 ↗
96. Internet of Things for smart cities10.1109/JIOT.2014.2306328 ↗
97. Okai, E., Feng, X., and Sant, P. (2018, January 28–30). Smart cities survey. Proceedings of the IEEE 20th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications and IEEE 16th International Conference on Smart City, Exeter, UK.10.1109/HPCC/SmartCity/DSS.2018.00282 ↗
98. Creating global sustainable smart cities (a case study of Masdar City)10.1088/1742-6596/1706/1/012141 ↗
99. Ramirez-Moreno, M.A., Keshtkar, S., Padilla-Reyes, D.A., Ramos-Lopez, E., García-Martinez, M., Hernandez-Luna, M.C., Mogro, A.E., Mahlknecht, J., Huertas, J., and Peimbert-Garcia, R.E. (2021). Sensors for sustainable smart cities: A review. Appl. Sci., 11.10.3390/app11178198 ↗
100. Quadar, N., Chehri, A., Jeon, G., and Ahmad, A. (2020). Smart water distribution system based on IoT networks, a critical review. Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Springer.10.1007/978-981-15-5784-2_24 ↗