Hydrophobisation of wood surfaces by combining liquid flame spray (LFS) and plasma treatment: dynamic wetting properties
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The hydrophilic nature of wood surfaces is a major cause for water uptake and subsequent biological degradation and dimensional changes. In the present paper, a thin transparent superhydrophobic layer on pine veneer surfaces has been created for controlling surface wettability and water repellency. This effect was achieved by means of the liquid flame spray (LFS) technique, in the course of which the nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (TiO2) was brought to the surface, followed by plasma polymerisation. Plasma polymerised perfluorohexane (PFH) or hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) were then deposited onto the LFS-treated wood surfaces. The same treatment systems were applied to silicon wafers so as to have well-defined reference surfaces. The dynamic wettability was studied by the multicycle Wilhelmy plate (mWP) method, resulting in advancing and receding contact angles as well as sorption behavior of the samples during repeated wetting cycles in water. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to characterise the topography and surface chemical compositions and to elucidate the question how the morphology of the nanoparticles and plasma affect the wetting behavior. A multi-scale roughness (micro-nano roughness) was found and this enhanced the forced wetting durability via a superhydrophobic effect on the surface, which was stable even after repeated wetting cycles. The hydrophobic effect of this approach was higher compared to that of plasma modified surfaces with their micro-scale modification.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Surface Modification and Superhydrophobicity · Adhesion, Friction, and Surface Interactions · Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences, Department of Applied Physics, Nanostructure Physics, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, TUT Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
References (51)
Show source-provided references
1. Avramidis, G., Hauswald, E., Lyapin, A., Militz, H., Viöl, W., Wolkenhauer, A. (2009) Plasma treatment of wood and wood-based materials to generate hydrophilic or hydrophobic surface characteristics. Wood Mat. Sci. Eng. 4:52–60.10.1080/17480270903281642 ↗
2. Banerjee, I., Pangule, R.C., Kane, R.S. (2011) Antifouling coatings: recent developments in the design of surfaces that prevent fouling by proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms. Adv. Mater. 23:690–718.10.1002/adma.201001215 ↗
3. Bente, M., Avramidis, G., Förster, S., Rohwer, E.G., Viöl, W. (2004) Wood surface modification in dielectric barrier discharges at atmospheric pressure for creating water repellent characteristics. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 62:157–163.10.1007/s00107-004-0475-0 ↗
4. Busnel, F., Blanchard, V., Prégent, J., Stafford, L., Riedl, B., Blanchet, P., Sarkissian, A. (2010) Modification of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and black spruce (Picea mariana) wood surfaces in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 24:1401–1413.10.1163/016942410X501007 ↗
5. Callies, M., Quere, D. (2005) On water repellency. Soft Matter 1:55–61.10.1039/b501657f ↗
6. Cao, L., Jones, A.K., Sikka, V.K., Wu, J., Gao, D. (2009) Anti-Icing superhydrophobic coatings. Langmuir 25:12444–12448.10.1021/la902882b ↗
7. Cho, D.L., Claesson, P.M., Gölander, C.G., Johansson, K. (1990) Structure and surface properties of plasma polymerized acrylic acid layers. Appl. Polym. Sci. 41:1373–1390.10.1002/app.1990.070410702 ↗
8. Denes, A.R., Young, R.A. (1999) Reduction of weathering degradation of wood through plasma-polymer coating. Holzforschung 53:632–640.10.1515/HF.1999.104 ↗
9. Denes, A.R., Tshabalala, M.A., Rowell, R., Denes, F., Young, R.A. (1999) Hexamethyldisiloxane-plasma coating of wood surfaces for creating water repellent characteristics. Holzforschung 53:318–326.10.1515/HF.1999.052 ↗
10. Fu, Y., Yu, H., Sun, Q., Li, G., Liu, Y. (2012) Testing of the superhydrophobicity of a zinc oxide nanorod array coating on wood surface prepared by hydrothermal treatment. Holzforschung 66:739–744.10.1515/hf-2011-0261 ↗
11. Gao, L., Lu, Y., Li, J., Sun, Q. (2016) Superhydrophobic conductive wood with oil repellency obtained by coating with silver nanoparticles modified by fluoroalkyl silane. Holzforschung 70:63–68.10.1515/hf-2014-0226 ↗
12. Gholamiyan, H., Tarmian, A., Ranjbar, Z., Abdulkhani, A., Azadfallah, M., Mai, C. (2016) Silane nanofilm formation by sol-gel processes for promoting adhesion of waterborne and solvent-borne coatings to wood surface. Holzforschung 70:429–437.10.1515/hf-2015-0072 ↗
13. Hoffmann, M.R., Martin, S.T., Choi, W., Bahnemann, D.W. (1995) Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem. Rev. 95:69–96.10.1021/cr00033a004 ↗
14. Hsieh, C.T., Wu, F.L., Yang, S.Y. (2008) Superhydrophobicity from composite nano/microstructures: carbon fabrics coated with silica nanoparticles. Surf. Coat. Tech. 202:6103–6108.10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.07.006 ↗
15. Levasseur, O., Stafford, L., Gherardi, N., Naudé, N., Blanchard, V., Blanchet, P., Riedl, B., Sarkissian, A. (2012) Deposition of hydrophobic functional groups on wood surfaces using atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge in helium-hexamethyldisiloxane gas mixtures. Plasma Proc. Polym. 9:1168–1175.10.1002/ppap.201100222 ↗
16. Liu, F., Gao, Z., Zang, D., Wang, C., Li, J. (2015) Mechanical stability of superhydrophobic epoxy/silica coating for better water resistance of wood. Holzforschung 69:367–374.10.1515/hf-2014-0077 ↗
17. Lu, Y., Xiao, S., Gao, R., Li, J., Sun, Q. (2014) Improved weathering performance and wettability of wood protected by CeO2 coating deposited onto the surface. Holzforschung 68:345–351.10.1515/hf-2013-0119 ↗
18. Ma, M., Hill, R.M. (2006) Superhydrophobic surfaces. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface. Sci. 11:193–202.10.1016/j.cocis.2006.06.002 ↗
19. Mahltig, B., Swaboda, C., Roessler, A., Bottcher, H. (2008) Functionalising wood by nanosol application. J. Mater. Chem. 18:3180–3192.10.1039/b718903f ↗
20. Mai, C., Militz, H. (2004) Modification of wood with silicon compounds. Treatment systems based on organic silicon compounds-a review. Wood Sci. Tech. 37:453–461.10.1007/s00226-004-0225-9 ↗
21. Mäkelä, J.M., Aromaa, M., Teisala, H., Tuominen, M., Stepien, M., Saarinen, J.J., Toivakka, M., Kuusipalo, J. (2011) Nanoparticle deposition from liquid flame spray onto moving roll-to-roll paperboard material. Aerosol Sci. Tech. 45:827–837.10.1080/02786826.2011.566292 ↗
22. Mamiński, M.Ł., Mierzejewska, K., Borysiuk, P., Parzuchowski, P., Boruszewski, P. (2009) Surface properties of octadecanol-grafted pine veneers. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 29:781–784.10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2009.06.002 ↗
23. Manolache, S., Jiang, H., Rowell, R.M., Denes, F.S. (2008) Hydrophobic wood surfaces generated by non-equilibrium, atmospheric pressure (NEAPP) plasma-enhanced coating. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 483:348–351.10.1080/15421400801917486 ↗
24. Nguila Inari, G., Pétrissans, M., Dumarcay, S., Lambert, J., Ehrhardt, J.J., Šernek, M., Gérardin, P. (2011) Limitation of XPS for analysis of wood species containing high amounts of lipophilic extractives. Wood Sci.Tech. 45:369–382.10.1007/s00226-010-0324-8 ↗
25. Poaty, B., Riedl, B., Blanchet, P., Blanchard, V., Stafford, L. (2013) Improved water repellency of black spruce wood surfaces after treatment in carbon tetrafluoride plasmas. Wood Sci.Tech. 47:411–422.10.1007/s00226-012-0505-8 ↗
26. Podgorski, L., Chevet, B., Onic, L., Merlin, A. (2000) Modification of wood wettability by plasma and corona treatments. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 20:103–111.10.1016/S0143-7496(99)00043-3 ↗
27. Podgorski, L., Bousta, C., Schambourg, F., Maguin, J., Chevet, B. (2002) Surface modification of wood by plasma polymerisation. Pigm. Resin Tech. 31:33–40.10.1108/03699420210412575 ↗
28. Probst, F., Laborie, M.P., Pizza, A., Deglise, X.H. (1997) Molecular mechanics/experimental methods applied to varnish/primer/wood interactions. Holzforschung 51:459–466.10.1515/hfsg.1997.51.5.459 ↗
29. Pykönen, M. Influence of Plasma Modification on Surface Properties and Offset Printability of Coated Paper. Ph.D. Thesis, Åbo Akademi University, Åbo, Finland, 2010. ISBN 978-952-12-2427-0.
30. Pykönen, M., Johansson, K., Dubreuil, M., Vangeneugden, D., Ström, G., Fardim, P., Toivakka, M. (2010) Evaluation of plasma-deposited hydrophobic coatings on pigment-coated paper for reduced dampening water absorption. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 24:511–537.10.1163/016942409X12598231568302 ↗
31. Rao, X., Liu, Y., Fu, Y., Liu, Y., Yu, H. (2016) Formation and properties of polyelectrolytes/TiO2 composite coating on wood surfaces through layer-by-layer assembly method. Holzforschung 70:361–367.10.1515/hf-2015-0047 ↗
32. Rehn, P., Viöl, W. (2003) Dielectric barrier discharge treatments at atmospheric pressure for wood surface modification. Holz Roh- Werkst. 61:145–150.10.1007/s00107-003-0369-6 ↗
33. Rowell, R. (1982) Wood preservation and stabilization by chemical modification of the wood substance, chemical aspects of wood technology. STFI Series, Swedish Forest Products Research Laboratory, Stockholm (S) 772:18.
34. Rowell, R. M., Ed. Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites, Second edition, CRC press, Boca Raton, FL, 2012.10.1201/b12487 ↗
35. Sèbe, G., Brook, M.A. (2001) Hydrophobization of wood surfaces: covalent grafting of silicone polymers. Wood Sci. Tech. 35:269–282.10.1007/s002260100091 ↗
36. Sedighi Moghaddam, M., Wålinder, M.E.P. Claesson, P.M., Swerin, A. (2013) Multicycle Wilhelmy plate method for wetting properties, swelling and liquid sorption of wood. Langmuir 29:12145–12153.10.1021/la402605q ↗
37. Sedighi Moghaddam, M., Wålinder, M.E.P., Claesson, P.M., Swerin, A. (2016) Wettability and swelling of acetylated and furfurylated wood analyzed by multicycle Wilhelmy plate method. Holzforschung 70:69–77.10.1515/hf-2014-0196 ↗
38. Shupe, T., Piao, C., Lucas, C. (2012) The termiticidal properties of superhydrophobic wood surfaces treated with ZnO nanorods. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 70:531–535.10.1007/s00107-011-0563-x ↗
39. Stepien, M., Saarinen, J.J., Teisala, H., Tuominen, M., Aromaa, M., Kuusipalo, J., Mäkelä, J.M., Toivakka, M. (2011) Adjustable wettability of paperboard by liquid flame spray nanoparticle deposition. Appl. Surf. Sci. 257:1911–1917.10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.09.025 ↗
40. Teisala, H., Tuominen, M., Aromaa, M., Mäkelä, J.M., Stepien, M., Saarinen, J.J., Toivakka, M., Kuusipalo, J. (2010) Development of superhydrophobic coating on paperboard surface using the liquid flame spray. Surf. Coat. Tech. 205:436–445.10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.07.003 ↗
41. Teisala, H., Tuominen, M., Aromaa, M., Stepien, M., Mäkelä, J.M., Saarinen, J.J., Toivakka, M., Kuusipalo, J. (2012) Nanostructures increase water droplet adhesion on hierarchically rough superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir 28:3138–3145.10.1021/la203155d ↗
42. Tuominen, M., Teisala, H., Aromaa, M., Stepien, M., Mäkelä, J.M., Saarinen, J.J., Toivakka, M., Kuusipalo, J. (2012) Creation of superhydrophilic surfaces of paper and board. J. Adhes. Sci. Tech. 28:864–879.10.1080/01694243.2012.697744 ↗
43. Wålinder, M.E.P., Omidvar, A., Seltman, J., Segerholm, K. (2009) Micromorphological studies of modified wood using a surface preparation technique based on ultraviolet laser ablation. Wood Mat. Sci. Eng. 4:46–51.10.1080/17480270903151233 ↗
44. Wang, S., Liu, C., Liu, G., Zhang, M., Li, J., Wang, C. (2011a) Fabrication of superhydrophobic wood surface by a sol-gel process. Appl. Surf. Sci. 258:806–810.10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.08.100 ↗
45. Wang, S., Mahlberg, R., Jämsä, S., Nikkola, J., Mannila, J., Ritschkoff, A.C., Peltonen, J. (2011b) Surface properties and moisture behaviour of pine and heat-treated spruce modified with alkoxysilanes by sol-gel process. Prog. Org. Coat. 71:274–282.10.1016/j.porgcoat.2011.03.011 ↗
46. Wang, C., Piao, C., Lucas, C. (2011c) Synthesis and characterization of superhydrophobic wood surfaces. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 119:1667–1672.10.1002/app.32844 ↗
47. Wang, S., Wang, C., Liu, C., Zhang, M., Ma, H., Li, J. (2012) Fabrication of superhydrophobic spherical-like α-FeOOH films on the wood surface by a hydrothermal method. Colloid Surface A 403:29–34.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.03.051 ↗
48. Wang, X., Chai, Y., Liu, J. (2013) Formation of highly hydrophobic wood surfaces using silica nanoparticles modified with long-chain alkylsilane. Holzforschung 67:667–672.10.1515/hf-2012-0153 ↗
49. Wang, W., Zhu, Y., Cao, J., Guo, X. (2015) Thermal modification of Southern pine combined with wax emulsion preimpregnation: effect on hydrophobicity and dimensional stability. Holzforschung 69:405–413.10.1515/hf-2014-0106 ↗
50. Wróbel, A.M., Wertheimer, M.R. (1990) Plasma-polymerized organosilicones and organometallics. In: Plasma Deposition, Treatment, and Etching of Polymers. Ed. R. d’Agostino, Academic Press, San Diego. pp. 163–268.10.1016/B978-0-12-200430-8.50009-9 ↗
51. Zanini, S., Riccardi, C., Orlandi, M., Fornara, V., Colombini, M.P., Donato, D., Legnaioli, S., Palleschi, V. (2008) Wood coated with plasma-polymer for water repellence. Wood Sci. Tech. 42:149–160.10.1007/s00226-007-0160-7 ↗