Optimizing Douglas-fir bark liquefaction in mixtures of glycerol and polyethylene glycol and KOH
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The outer bark of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) has a significant amount of cork tissue that may be an important source of chemicals derived from its natural polymers, suberin, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The present work focuses on the polyalcohol liquefaction of Douglas-fir bark with glycerol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in order to obtain a liquid that can be further processed to other chemicals and products. The results show that Pseudotsuga bark can be liquefied in a significant percentage in presence of alkali. The best liquefaction yield was obtained with 6% KOH as agents. Although the use of a cosolvent is favorable, good liquefaction yields can also be obtained by glycerol alone. Lower temperatures are favorable as they lead to acceptable liquefaction yields. FTIR-ATR studies showed that all the structural compounds of the bark were attacked and depolymerized. The process tested has a high potential for generation of value-added products from liquefied Douglas-fir bark.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Plant Surface Properties and Treatments · Lignin and Wood Chemistry · Postharvest Quality and Shelf Life Management
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Centre of Studies in Education, Technologies and Health, School of Technology of Viseu , Department of Wood Engineering, Superior School of Technology of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu , Viseu , Portugal
Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture , University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Viseu , Portugal
National Laboratory for Civil Engineering , Lisbon, Viseu , Portugal (LNEC)
CE3C – Centre for Ecology , Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores , Terceira, Viseu , Portugal
References (43)
Show source-provided references
1. Alma, M.H., Kelley, S.S. (2000) Thermal stability of novolak-type thermosettings made by the condensation of bark and phenol. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 68:413–418.10.1016/S0141-3910(00)00029-X ↗
2. Alma, M.H., Yoshioka, M., Yao, Y., Shiraishi, N. (1998) Preparation of sulfuric acid-catalyzed phenolated wood resin. Wood Sci. Technol. 32:297–308.
3. Cardoso, S., Ferreira, J., Quilhó, T., Pereira, H. (2017) Cork of Douglas-fir bark: impact of structural and anatomical features on usage. Ind. Crops Prod. 99:135–141.10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.02.001 ↗
4. Cruz-Lopes, L.P., Silva, H.C., Domingos, I., Ferreira, J., Lemos, L.T., Esteves, B. (2016) Optimization of Quercus cerris bark liquefaction. Int. J. Chem. Mol. Nucl. Mater. Metall. Eng. 10:1073–1076.
5. Demirbas, A. (2008) Conversion of corn stover to chemicals and fuels. Energ Sources Part A Recovery Util. Environ. Eff. 30:788–796.
6. Esteves, B., Velez Marques, A., Domingos, I., Pereira, H. (2013) Chemical changes of heat treated pine and eucalypt wood monitored by FTIR. Maderas Cienc. Tecnol. 15:245–258.
7. Esteves, B., Martins, J., Martins, J., Cruz-Lopes, L., Vicente, J., Domingos, I. (2015) Liquefied wood as a partial substitute of melamine-urea-2 formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde resins 3. Maderas Cienc Tecnol. 17:3.10.4067/S0718-221X2015005000026 ↗
8. Esteves, B., Dulyanska, Y., Costa, C., Ferreira, J.V., Domingos, I., Pereira, H., de Lemos, L.T., Cruz-Lopes, L.V. (2017) Cork liquefaction for polyurethane foam production. BioResources 12:2339–2353.10.15376/biores.12.2.2339-2353 ↗
9. Ferreira, J.P.A., Miranda, I., Gominho, J., Pereira, H. (2015) Selective fractioning of Pseudotsuga menziesii bark and chemical characterization in view of an integrated valorization. Ind. Crops Prod. 74:998–1007.10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.065 ↗
10. Ferreira, J., Miranda, I., Gominho, J., Pereira, H. (2016) Chemical characterization of cork and phloem from Douglas fir outer bark. Holzforschung 70:475–483.10.1515/hf-2015-0119 ↗
11. Graça, J., Pereira, H. (1999) Glyceryl-Acyl and Aryl-Acyl Dimers in Pseudotsuga menziesii Bark Suberin. Holzforschung 53:397–402.10.1515/HF.1999.066 ↗
12. Graça, J., Pereira, H. (2000) Methanolysis of bark suberins: analysis of glycerol and acid monomers. Phytochem. Anal. 11:45–51.
13. Hu, S., Wan, C., Li, Y. (2012) Production and characterization of biopolyols and polyurethane foams from crude glycerol based liquefaction of soybean straw. Bioresour. Technol. 103:227–233.
14. Hu, S., Luo, X., Li, Y. (2014) Polyols and polyurethanes from the liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass. ChemSusChem. 7:66–72.10.1002/cssc.201300760 ↗
15. Jasiukaitytė, E., Kunaver, M., Crestini, C. (2010) Lignin behaviour during wood liquefaction – characterization by quantitative 31P, 13C NMR and size-exclusion chromatography. Catal. Today 156:23–30.10.1016/j.cattod.2010.02.001 ↗
16. Jin, Y., Ruan, X., Cheng, X., Lü, Q. (2011) Liquefaction of lignin by polyethyleneglycol and glycerol. Bioresour. Technol. 102:3581–3583.
17. Kunaver, M., Jasiukaityte, E., Cuk, N., Guthrie, J.T. (2010) Liquefaction of wood, synthesis and characterization of liquefied wood polyester derivatives. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 115:1265–1271.
18. Kurimoto, Y., Tamura, Y. (1999) Species effects on wood-liquefaction in polyhydric alcohols. Holzforschung 53:617–622.10.1515/HF.1999.102 ↗
19. Lee, W.-J., Kang, C.-L., Chang, K.-C., Chen, Y.-C. (2012) Synthesis and properties of resol-type phenol-formaldehyde resins prepared from H2SO4- and HCl-catalyzed phenol-liquefied Cryptomeria japonica wood. Holzforschung 66:67–72.10.1515/HF.2011.121 ↗
20. Lee, Y.-Y., Lee, W.-J., Hsu, L.-Y., Hsieh, H.-M. (2014) Properties of molding plates made with various matrices impregnated with PF and liquefied wood-based PF resins. Holzforschung 68:37–43.10.1515/hf-2013-0029 ↗
21. Lee, W.-J., Kuo, E.-S., Chao, C.-Y., Kao, Y.-P. (2015) Properties of polyurethane (PUR) films prepared from liquefied wood (LW) and ethylene glycol (EG). Holzforschung 69:547–554.10.1515/hf-2014-0142 ↗
22. Leite, C., Pereira, H. (2017) Cork-containing barks. A review. Front. Mat. 3:63.
23. Lin, R., Sun, J., Yue, C., Wang, X., Tu, D., Gao, Z. (2014) Study on preparation and properties of phenol-formaldehyde-chinese fir liquefaction copolymer resin. Maderas Cienc. Tecnol. 16:159–174.
24. Maldas, D., Shiraishi, N. (1996) Liquefaction of wood in the presence of polyol using NaOH as a catalyst and its application to polyurethane foams. Int. J. Polym. Mater. 33:61–71.
25. Marques, A.V., Pereira, H., Rodrigues, J., Meier, D., Faix, O. (2006) Isolation and comparative characterization of a Björkman lignin from the saponified cork of Douglas-fir bark. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 77:169–176.10.1016/j.jaap.2006.03.003 ↗
26. Marques, A.V., Rencoret, J., Gutiérrez, A., del Rio, J.C., Pereira, H. (2016) IFerulates and lignin strucrural composition in cork. Holzforschung 70:275–289.10.1515/hf-2015-0014 ↗
27. Martins, J., Lopes, L.C., Esteves, B. (2013) Otimização da Liquefação da Madeira de Pinus pinaster com Poliálcoois. Silva Lusit. 21:177–183.
28. Mishra, G., Saka, S. (2013) Effects of water in water/phenol mixtures on liquefaction of Japanese beech as treated under subcritical conditions. Holzforschung 67:241–247.10.1515/hf-2012-0050 ↗
29. Mun, S.P., Gilmour, I.A., Jordan, P.J. (2006) Effect of organic sulfonic acids as catalysts during phenol liquefaction of Pinus radiata bark. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 12:720–726.
30. Niu, M., Zhao, G., Alma, M. (2011) Polycondensation reaction and its mechanism during lignocellulosic liquefaction by an acid catalyst: a review. For. Stud. China 13:71–79.10.1007/s11632-011-0109-7 ↗
31. Pan, H. (2011) Synthesis of polymers from organic solvent liquefied biomass: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15:3454–3463.
32. Pereira, H. (1988) Chemical composition and variability of cork from Quercus suber L. Wood Sci. Technol. 22:211–218.
33. Pereira, H. (2007) Cork: biology, production and uses (Elsevier).10.1016/B978-044452967-1/50013-3 ↗
34. Pereira, H. (2015) The rationale behind cork properties: a review of structure and chemistry. BioResources 10:6207–6229.10.15376/biores.10.3.Pereira ↗
35. Soares, B., Gama, N., Freire, C., Barros-Timmons, A., Brandão, I., Silva, R., Pascoal Neto, C., Ferreira, A. (2014) Ecopolyol production from industrial cork powder via acid liquefaction using polyhydric alcohols. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2:846–854.
36. Tappi standard (1988) T 204 om-88 Solvent extractives of wood and pulp
37. Tappi standard (1988) T 222 om-88 Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp.
38. Xie, T., Chen, F. (2005) Fast liquefaction of bagasse in ethylene carbonate and preparation of epoxy resin from the liquefied product. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 98:1961–1968.
39. Yamada, T., Ono, H. (2001) Characterization of the products resulting from ethylene glycol liquefaction of cellulose. J. Wood Sci. 47:458–464.10.1007/BF00767898 ↗
40. Yao, Y., Yoshioka, M., Shiraishi, N. (1996) Water-absorbing polyurethane foams from liquefied starch. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 60:1939–1949.
41. Yona, A.M.C., Budija, F., Kričej, B., Kutnar, A., Pavlič, M., Pori, P., Tavzes, Č., Petrič, M. (2014) Production of biomaterials from cork: liquefaction in polyhydric alcohols at moderate temperatures. Ind. Crops Prod. 54:296–301.10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.01.027 ↗
42. Yuan, J., Gao, Z., Wang, X.-M. (2009) Phenolated larch-bark formaldehyde adhesive with various amounts of sodium hydroxide. Pigment Resin Technol. 38:290–297.10.1108/03699420910988769 ↗
43. Zhang, T., Zhou, Y., Liu, D., Petrus, L. (2007) Qualitative analysis of products formed during the acid catalyzed liquefaction of bagasse in ethylene glycol. Bioresour. Technol. 98:1454–1459.