Using low-field NMR and MRI to characterize water status and distribution in modified wood during water absorption
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract In this study, synergism between two wood modification methods was investigated with the aim of providing insights into improving wood hydrophobicity. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) was modified using two variants of the same treatment procedure: in the first case, paraffin wax emulsion (PWE) impregnation was followed by thermal modification (TM); in the second case, the order was reversed, and TM was followed by PWE impregnation. The treated samples were then immersed in distilled water for 1, 6, 24, 48 or 96 h. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were employed to evaluate the concentration of different water components, as well as the water distribution. The results indicated that the combined treatment showed much better performance than either treatment individually, particularly when PWE impregnation was followed by TM. Moreover, through the use of MRI, we characterized the role of both methods in the synergistic relationship, which showed that the PWE impregnation increased the wood hydrophobicity through decreasing free water absorption, while the TM performed the same function through bound water absorption. In addition, paraffin wax penetrated the newly formed cracks caused by TM, which also contributed to the synergistic mechanism between PWE impregnation and TM.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Wood Treatment and Properties · Lignin and Wood Chemistry · Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application , Beijing Forestry University , Qinghua East Road 35 , Haidian 100083, Beijing , China
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China · Central Universities in China
References (32)
Show source-provided references
1. Araujo, C., MacKay, A., Hailey, J., Whittall, K., Le, H. (1992) Proton magnetic resonance techniques for characterization of water in wood: application to white spruce. Wood Sci. Technol. 26:101–113.10.1007/BF00194466 ↗
2. Beck, G., Thybring, E.E., Thygesen, L.G., Hill, C. (2018) Characterization of moisture in acetylated and propionylated radiata pine using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LFNMR) relaxometry. Holzforschung 72:225–233.10.1515/hf-2017-0072 ↗
3. Brischke, C., Melcher, E. (2015) Performance of wax-impregnated timber out of ground contact: results from long-term field testing. Wood Sci. Technol. 49:189–204.10.1007/s00226-014-0692-6 ↗
4. Brischke, C., Meyer-Veltrup, L. (2016) Performance of thermally modified wood during 14 years of outdoor exposure. Inter. Wood Prod. J. 7:89–95.10.1080/20426445.2016.1160591 ↗
5. Che, W., Xiao, Z., Han, G., Zheng, Z., Xie, Y. (2018) Radiata pine wood treatment with a dispersion of aqueous styrene/acrylic acid copolymer. Holzforschung 72:387–396.10.1515/hf-2017-0142 ↗
6. Cox, J., McDonald, P.J., Gardiner, B.A. (2010) A study of water exchange in wood by means of 2D NMR relaxation correlation and exchange. Holzforschung 64:259–266.10.1515/hf.2010.036 ↗
7. Gezici-Koç, Ö., Erich, S.J., Huinink, H.P., van der Ven, L.G., Adan, O.C. (2017) Bound and free water distribution in wood during water uptake and drying as measured by 1D magnetic resonance imaging. Cellulose 24:535–553.10.1007/s10570-016-1173-x ↗
8. Guo, Y., Zhang, M., Xiao, Z., Chen, H., Xie, Y. (2018) Vaporization heat of bound water in wood chemically modified via grafting and crosslinking patterns by DSC and NMR analysis. Holzforschung 72:1043–1049.10.1515/hf-2017-0210 ↗
9. Häggkvist, M., Li, T.-Q., Odberg, L. (1998) Effects of drying and pressing on the pore structure in the cellulose fibre wall studied by 1H and 2H NMR relaxation. Cellulose 5:33–49.10.1023/A:1009212628778 ↗
10. Hill, C.A., Ramsay, J., Keating, B., Laine, K., Rautkari, L., Hughes, M., Constant, B. (2012) The water vapour sorption properties of thermally modified and densified wood. J. Mater. Sci. 47:3191–3197.10.1007/s10853-011-6154-8 ↗
11. Humar, M., Kržišnik, D., Lesar, B., Thaler, N., Ugovšek, A., Zupančič, K., Žlahtič, M. (2017) Thermal modification of wax-impregnated wood to enhance its physical, mechanical, and biological properties. Holzforschung 71:57–64.10.1515/hf-2016-0063 ↗
12. Jiang, J., Cao, J., Wang, W., Shen, H. (2018) Preparation of a synergistically stabilized oil-in-water paraffin Pickering emulsion for potential application in wood treatment. Holzforschung 72:489–497.10.1515/hf-2017-0154 ↗
13. Kekkonen, P.M., Telkki, V.-V., Jokisaari, J. (2010) Effect of thermal modification on wood cell structures observed by pulsed-field-gradient stimulated-echo NMR. J. Phys. Chem. C 114:18693–18697.10.1021/jp1060304 ↗
14. Korkut, S., Hiziroglu, S. (2009) Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of hazelnut wood (Corylus colurna L.). Mater. Des. 30:1853–1858.10.1016/j.matdes.2008.07.009 ↗
15. Kumar, A., Richter, J., Tywoniak, J., Hajek, P., Adamopoulos, S., Šegedin, U., Petrič, M. (2018) Surface modification of Norway spruce wood by octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) nanosol by dipping and water vapour diffusion properties of the OTS-modified wood. Holzforschung 72:45–56.10.1515/hf-2017-0087 ↗
16. Lesar, B., Humar, M. (2011) Use of wax emulsions for improvement of wood durability and sorption properties. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 69:231–238.10.1007/s00107-010-0425-y ↗
17. Lesar, B., Pavlič, M., Petrič, M., Škapin, A.S., Humar, M. (2011a) Wax treatment of wood slows photodegradation. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96:1271–1278.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.04.006 ↗
18. Lesar, B., Straže, A., Humar, M. (2011b) Sorption properties of wood impregnated with aqueous solution of boric acid and montan wax emulsion. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 120:1337–1345.10.1002/app.33196 ↗
19. Mazela, B., Kowalczuk, J., Ratajczak, I., Szentner, K. (2014) Moisture content (MC) and multinuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of water absorption effect on wood treated with aminofunctional silane. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 72:243–248.10.1007/s00107-013-0768-2 ↗
20. Metsä-Kortelainen, S., Antikainen, T., Viitaniemi, P. (2006) The water absorption of sapwood and heartwood of Scots pine and Norway spruce heat-treated at 170 C, 190 C, 210 C and 230 C. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 64:192–197.10.1007/s00107-005-0063-y ↗
21. Owoyemi, J., Olumuyiwa, A., Oyeleye, I. (2017) Sorption and strength properties of thermally modified plantation grown Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) wood using paraffin wax. Am. J. Mater. Sci. 7:53–58.
22. Scholz, G., Krause, A., Militz, H. (2010) Exploratory study on the impregnation of Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) with different hot melting waxes. Wood Sci. Technol. 44:379–388.10.1007/s00226-010-0353-3 ↗
23. Tjeerdsma, B., Boonstra, M., Pizzi, A., Tekely, P., Militz, H. (1998) Characterisation of thermally modified wood: molecular reasons for wood performance improvement. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 56:149.10.1007/s001070050287 ↗
24. Van Houts, J.H., Wang, S., Shi, H., Pan, H., Kabalka, G.W. (2004) Moisture movement and thickness swelling in oriented strandboard, part 1. Analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging. Wood Sci. Technol. 38:617–628.10.1007/s00226-004-0258-0 ↗
25. Wang, W., Zhu, Y., Cao, J., Guo, X. (2015) Thermal modification of Southern pine combined with wax emulsion preimpregnation: effect on hydrophobicity and dimensional stability. Holzforschung 69:405–413.10.1515/hf-2014-0106 ↗
26. Wang, W., Chen, C., Cao, J., Zhu, Y. (2018a) Improved properties of thermally modified wood (TMW) by combined treatment with disodium octoborate tetrahydrate (DOT) and wax emulsion (WE). Holzforschung 72:243–250.10.1515/hf-2017-0043 ↗
27. Wang, W., Huang, Y., Cao, J., Zhu, Y. (2018b) Penetration and distribution of paraffin wax in wood of loblolly pine and Scots pine studied by time domain NMR spectroscopy. Holzforschung 72:125–131.10.1515/hf-2017-0030 ↗
28. Wang, X., Chen, X., Xie, X., Wu, Y., Zhao, L., Li, Y., Wang, S. (2018c) Effects of thermal modification on the physical, chemical and micromechanical properties of Masson pine wood (Pinus massoniana Lamb.). Holzforschung 72:1063–1070.10.1515/hf-2017-0205 ↗
29. Wang, Z., Wang, X.-M., Chen, Z.-J. (2018d) Water states and migration in Xinjiang poplar and Mongolian Scotch pine monitored by TD-NMR during drying. Holzforschung 72:113–123.10.1515/hf-2017-0033 ↗
30. Yu, L., Tang, Z., Wei, D., Zhu, L., Zhu, J., Ma, X. (2016) Evaluation of the dimensional stability and leaching performance of ACQ/wax treated Southern pine. Bioresources 11:10201–10212.10.15376/biores.11.4.10201-10212 ↗
31. Zauer, M., Pfriem, A., Wagenführ, A. (2013) Toward improved understanding of the cell-wall density and porosity of wood determined by gas pycnometry. Wood Sci. Technol. 47:1197–1211.10.1007/s00226-013-0568-1 ↗
32. Žlahtič-Zupanc M, Lesar B, Humar M. (2018) Changes in moisture performance of wood after weathering. Constr. Build. Mater. 193:529–538.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.196 ↗