The effect of heat treatment on laser-welding performance of additive manufactured Ti6Al4V sheets
Source abstract
Abstract
In this study, the laser weldability of Ti6Al4V materials produced by the selective laser melting (SLM) method, which is an additive manufacturing method, and the effects of heat treatment applied to the welded material on the welding performance were investigated experimentally. Stress relief and heat treatment were applied to the materials joined by laser welding at 800 degrees C (below the alpha phase transformation temperature), 950 degrees C (between alpha and beta phase transformation temperature), and 1080 degrees C (above the beta phase transformation temperature). In addition, transverse and longitudinal welded joining techniques were also investigated to determine anisotropy in the produced parts. The mechanical properties in the laser-welded region were examined by hardness and tensile tests, and an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) examined the changes in the microstructure. Grain growth was observed in the microstructure due to the increase in heat treatment temperature, and the tensile strength increased from 631.2 to 754.2 MPa in transverse bonding, while it increased from 648.1 to 761.9 MPa in longitudinal bonding. High hardness values due to Widmanstatten morphology were determined in the hardness test, especially after heat treatments at 950 and 1080 degrees C. It has been observed that the heat treatment increases the welding performance of the laser-welded material, and the best welding performance is obtained with a welding efficiency of 83.5% in the heat treatment at 1080 degrees C.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (25)
Show source-provided references
1. M.A. Somashekara, S. Suryakumar, Studies on dissimilar twin-wire weld-deposition for additive manufacturing applications. Trans Indian Inst. Met. 70(8), 2123–2135 (2017)10.1007/s12666-016-1032-3 ↗
2. D. Ding, Z.S. Pan, D. Cuiuri, H. Li, A tool-path generation strategy for wire and arc additive manufacturing. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 73(2014), 173–183 (2014)10.1007/s00170-014-5808-5 ↗
3. N. Hopkinson, R. Hauge, P. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age, Edited by Wiley (Loughborough University, Loughborough, 2005), pp.55–8110.1002/0470033991 ↗
4. K.G. Prashanth, R. Damodaram, S. Scudino, Z. Wang, K.P. Rao, J. Eckert, Friction welding of Al–12Si parts produced by selective laser melting. Mater. Des. 57(2014), 632–637 (2014)10.1016/j.matdes.2014.01.026 ↗
5. M. Liberini, A. Astarita, G. Campatelli, A. Scippa, F. Montevecchi, G. Venturini, M. Durante, L. Boccarusso, F. Memola, C. Minutolo, A. Squillace (2017) Selection of optimal process parameters for wire arc additive manufacturing. In: 10th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering—CIRP ICME '16, pp 470–474, 20–22 July 2016, Ischia, Italy.10.1016/j.procir.2016.06.124 ↗
6. A. Ebrahimi, C.R. Kleijn, I.M. Richardson, Numerical study of molten metal melt pool behaviour during conduction-mode laser spot melting. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 54(10), 105304 (2020)10.1088/1361-6463/abca62 ↗
7. X. Fang, L. Zhang, H. Li, C. Li, K. Huang, B. Lu, Microstructure evolution and mechanical behaviour of 2219 aluminium alloys additively fabricated by the cold metal transfer process. Materials 11(2018), 812–824 (2018)10.3390/ma11050812 ↗
8. J. Ge, J. Lin, Y. Lei, H. Fu, Location-related thermal history, microstructure, and mechanical properties of arc additively manufactured 2Cr13 steel using cold metal transfer welding. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 715(2018), 144–153 (2018)10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.076 ↗
9. Y. Zhou, Y. Liu, X. Sun, W. Shi, Y. Han, J. Li, K. Wang, Effect of heat treatment on the formed specimen of TC4 titanium alloy by selective laser melting variable parameter forming process. Appl. Phys. A 128(10), 917 (2022)10.1007/s00339-022-06080-0 ↗
10. M. Waqas, D. He, Y. Liu, S. Riaz, F. Afzal, Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by selective laser melting. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 32(2), 680–694 (2023)10.1007/s11665-022-07106-7 ↗
11. A. Ebrahimi, M. Sattari, S.J. Bremer, M. Luckabauer, G.W.R. Römer, I.M. Richardson et al., The influence of laser characteristics on internal flow behaviour in laser melting of metallic substrates. Mater. Design 214, 110385 (2022)10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110385 ↗
12. D. Dry, W. Waddell, D.R.J. Owen, Determination of laser weld properties for finite element analysis of laser welded tailored blanks. Sci. Technol. Weld. Joining 7(1), 11–18 (2002)10.1179/136217101125000523 ↗
13. A. Hamada, M. Ali, S. Ghosh, M. Jaskari, M. Keskitalo, A. Järvenpää, Mechanical performance and formability of laser-welded dissimilar butt joints between medium-Mn stainless steel and high-strength carbon steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 831, 142200 (2022)10.1016/j.msea.2021.142200 ↗
14. X. Yan, Y. Ge, Influence of post-weld annealing on transformation behavior and mechanical properties of laser-welded NiTi alloy wires. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 23, 3474–3479 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-1156-810.1007/s11665-014-1156-8 ↗
15. K. Mallieshwaran, C. Rajendran, N. Aravindhan, D. Arunkumar, K. Haswanth, M. Abishek (2023) Effect of heat treatment on the structure and properties of laser welded joints of aluminum alloy AA2024. Metal Sci. Heat Treat. 1–9.10.1007/s11041-023-00851-z ↗
16. T. Jokinen, Novel Ways of Using Nd: YAG Laser for Welding Thick Section Austenitic Stainless Steel. PhD Thesis, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland, 2004.
17. R.P. Sisodia, M. Gáspár, L. Draskóczi, Effect of post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of DP800 and DP1200 high-strength steel butt-welded joints using diode laser beam welding. Welding World 64(4), 671–681 (2020)10.1007/s40194-020-00867-6 ↗
18. K. Aydın, İ Karaağaç, O. Uluer, The formability and springback characterization of laser-welded DP–HSLA sheets. Appl. Phys. A 125, 525 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-019-2817-010.1007/s00339-019-2817-0 ↗
19. D. Panov, S. Naumov, N. Stepanov, V. Sokolovsky, E. Volokitina, N. Kashaev et al., Effect of preheating and post-weld heat treatment on structure and mechanical properties of laser beam-welded Ti2AlNb-based joints. Intermetallics 143, 107466 (2022)10.1016/j.intermet.2022.107466 ↗
20. K.G. Prashanth, R. Damodaram, T. Maity, P. Wang, J. Eckert, Friction welding of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V parts. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 704(2017), 66–71 (2017)10.1016/j.msea.2017.08.004 ↗
21. F. Rubino, F. Scherillo, S. Franchitti, A. Squillace, A. Astarita, P. Carlone, Microstructure and surface analysis of friction stir processed Ti-6Al-4V plates manufactured by electron beam melting. J. Manuf. Process. 37(2019), 392–401 (2019)10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.12.015 ↗
22. Y.Y. Sun, P. Wang, S.L. Lu, L.Q. Li, M.L.S. Nai, J. Wei, Laser welding of electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V to wrought Ti-6Al-4V: effect of welding angle on microstructure and mechanical properties. J. Alloy. Compd. 782(2019), 967–972 (2019)10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.268 ↗
23. Q. Huang, X. Liu, X. Yang, R. Zhang, Z. Shen, Q. Feng, Specific heat treatment of selective laser melted Ti–6Al–4V for biomedical applications. Front. Mater. Sci. 9(4), 373–381 (2015)10.1007/s11706-015-0315-7 ↗
24. K. Mutombo, P. Russouw, G. Govender, Chemically milled alpha-case layer from Ti-6Al-4V alloy investment cast. Mater. Sci. Forum. 690, 477–480 (2011)10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.690.477 ↗
25. H. Yu, F. Li, J. Yang, J. Shao, Z. Wang, X. Zeng, Investigation on laser welding of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V parts: Weldability, microstructure, and mechanical properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 712, 20–27 (2018)10.1016/j.msea.2017.11.086 ↗