Advanced dermatological diagnostics: high sensitivity performance and low losses for THz photonic crystal fiber biosensing solutions for skin cancer

1. T.G. Giallorenzi, A. Dandridge, Optical fiber sensor technology. J. Mod. Opt. 42, 306–307 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1080/71382442110.1080/713824421 ↗

2. H. Search, C. Journals, A. Contact, M. Iopscience, I.P. Address, Photonic distributed. Phys. World 4(3), 45 (1991)10.1088/2058-7058/4/3/30 ↗

3. J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S.E. Barkou, A. Bjarklev, Photonic crystal fibers: a new class of optical waveguides. Opt. Fiber Technol. 5(3), 305–330 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1006/ofte.1998.027910.1006/ofte.1998.0279 ↗

4. J. Kirchhof, J. Kobelke, K. Schuster, H. Bartelt, R. Iliew, C. Etrich, F. Lederer, Photonic crystal fibers. Photonic Crystals: Advances in Design, Fabrication, and Characterization 106(2), 267–288 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/3527602593.ch1410.1002/3527602593.ch14 ↗

5. H. Liu, H. Zhong, N. Karpowicz, X. Li, A. Redo, Y. Chen, J. Xu, X.-C. Zhang, H. Han, Y.-S. Jin, THz photonics technology and its applications. International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics 518, 15–18 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/mwp.2005.20353010.1109/mwp.2005.203530 ↗

6. F.M. Al-Douseri, Y. Chen, X.C. Zhang, THz wave sensing for petroleum industrial applications. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves 27(4), 481–503 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-006-9102-y10.1007/s10762-006-9102-y ↗

7. A.Y. Pawar, D.D. Sonawane, K.B. Erande, D.V. Derle, Terahertz technology and its applications. Drug Invent. Today 5(2), 157–163 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dit.2013.03.00910.1016/j.dit.2013.03.009 ↗

8. L. Zhaoxin, L. Dehua, T. Science, Identification of terahertz fingerprint spectra extracted from Gas-Fat coal. Terahertz Science and Technology 8(1), 35–40 (2015). https://doi.org/10.11906/TST.035-040.2015.03.0410.11906/TST.035-040.2015.03.04 ↗

9. J. Sultana, M.S. Islam, K. Ahmed, A. Dinovitser, B.W.-H. Ng, D. Abbott, Terahertz detection of alcohol using a photonic crystal fiber sensor. Appl. Opt. 57(10), 2426 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.00242610.1364/ao.57.002426 ↗

10. O. Frazão, J.M. Baptista, J.L. Santos, Recent advances in high-birefringence fiber loop mirror sensors. Sensors 7(11), 2970–2983 (2007). https://doi.org/10.3390/s711297010.3390/s7112970 ↗

11. Y.S. Shinde, H.K. Gahir, Dynamic pressure sensing study using photonic crystal fiber: Application to tsunami sensing. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 20(4), 279–281 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2007.91374110.1109/LPT.2007.913741 ↗

12. X. Yu, Y. Zhang, S. Pan, P. Shum, M. Yan, Y. Leviatan, C. Li, A selectively coated photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance sensor. J. Opt. 12(1), 15005 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/12/1/01500510.1088/2040-8978/12/1/015005 ↗

13. H. Gong, C.C. Chan, L. Chen, X. Dong, Strain sensor realized by using low-birefringence photonic-crystal-fiber- based sagnac loop. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 22(16), 1238–1240 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2010.205302510.1109/LPT.2010.2053025 ↗

14. H.V. Thakur, S.M. Nalawade, Y. Saxena, K.T.V. Grattan, All-fiber embedded PM-PCF vibration sensor for structural health monitoring of composite. Sensors Actuators, A Physical 167(2), 204–212 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2011.02.00810.1016/j.sna.2011.02.008 ↗

15. Y. Zhao, R.Q. Lv, Y. Ying, Q. Wang, Hollow-core photonic crystal fiber FabryPerot sensor for magnetic field measurement based on magnetic fluid. Opt. Laser Technol. 44(4), 899–902 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2011.11.01110.1016/j.optlastec.2011.11.011 ↗

16. Ou. Zhilong, Yu. Yongqin, P. Yan, J. Wang, Q. Huang, X. Chen, Du. Chenlin, H. Wei, Ambient refractive index-independent bending vector sensor based on seven-core photonic crystal fiber using lateral offset splicing. Opt. Express 21(20), 23812 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.02381210.1364/oe.21.023812 ↗

17. Y. Geng, X. Li, X. Tan, Y. Deng, X. Hong, Compact and ultrasensitive temperature sensor with a fully liquid-filled photonic crystal fiber mach-zehnder interferometer. IEEE Sens. J. 14(1), 167–170 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2013.227953710.1109/JSEN.2013.2279537 ↗

18. R. Otupiri, E.K. Akowuah, S. Haxha, Multi-channel SPR biosensor based on PCF for multi-analyte sensing applications. Opt. Express 23(12), 15716 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.01571610.1364/oe.23.015716 ↗

19. H. Ademgil, S. Haxha, Highly birefringent nonlinear PCF for optical sensing of analytes in aqueous solutions. Optik (Stuttg) 127(16), 6653–6660 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.04.13710.1016/j.ijleo.2016.04.137 ↗

20. S. Sen, S. Chowdhury, K. Ahmed, S. Asaduzzaman, Design of a porous cored hexagonal photonic crystal fiber based optical sensor with high relative sensitivity for lower operating wavelength. Photonic Sensors 7(1), 55–65 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-016-0384-y10.1007/s13320-016-0384-y ↗

21. F. Haider, R.A. Aoni, R. Ahmed, M.S. Islam, A.E. Miroshnichenko, Propagation controlled photonic crystal fiber-based plasmonic sensor via scaled-down approach. IEEE Sens. J. 19(3), 962–969 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2018.288016110.1109/JSEN.2018.2880161 ↗

22. H. Du, X. Sun, Y. Hu, X. Dong, J. Zhou, High sensitive refractive index sensor based on cladding etched photonic crystal fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Photonic Sensors 9(2), 126–134 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-019-0532-210.1007/s13320-019-0532-2 ↗

23. Y. Liu, X. Jing, H. Chen, J. Li, Y. Guo, S. Zhang, H. Li, S. Li, “Highly sensitive temperature sensor based on sagnac interferometer using photonic crystal fiber with circular layout.” Sensors Actuators A Physical 314, 112236 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2020.11223610.1016/j.sna.2020.112236 ↗

24. M.E. Rahaman, R.H. Jibon, M.S. Ahsan, F. Ahmed, I.B. Sohn, Glucose level measurement using photonic crystal fiber–based plasmonic sensor. Plasmonics (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-021-01497-410.1007/s11468-021-01497-4 ↗

25. S.R. Tahhan, R.M. Taha, Mercedes benz logo based plasmon resonance PCF sensor. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 35, 100468 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.10046810.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100468 ↗

26. A.H.M. Iftekharul Ferdous, S.Z.E. Noor, P. Kalpana Devi, K.R. Kavitha, G. Anitha, T. Jayakumar, K.S. Noor, R. Sayed, M.A. Islam, A.N.Z. Rashed, S.H. Ahammad, Unlocking insights of oil derivatives with terahertz spectrum analysis: the hybrid refractive index rectangular core photonic crystal fiber perspective sensing. J. Opt. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-023-01520-310.1007/s12596-023-01520-3 ↗

27. D. Kundu, S. Hossain, T.L. Mariappan, S. Sahoo, S. Karthikeyan, G. Ramkumar, A. Gopalan, P. Prakash, A.H.M. Iftekharul Ferdous, S. Hossain, A.N.Z. Rashed, Terahertz square core photonic crystal fiber sensor: revolutionizing efficient blood cell detection through refractive index sensing based on surface-enhanced spectroscopic properties. Plasmonics (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-023-02182-410.1007/s11468-023-02182-4 ↗

28. A.A.M. Bulbul, H. Rahaman, S. Biswas, M.B. Hossain, A. Al Nahid, Design and numerical analysis of a PCF-based bio-sensor for breast cancer cell detection in the THz regime. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 30, 100388 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.10038810.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100388 ↗

29. M.M.A. Eid, A.N.Z. Rashed, A.A.M. Bulbul, E. Podder, Mono-rectangular core photonic crystal fiber (MRC-PCF) for skin and blood cancer detection. Plasmonics 16(3), 717–727 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-020-01334-010.1007/s11468-020-01334-0 ↗

30. A.H.M.I. Ferdous et al., Development and enhancement of PCF-based sensors for terahertz-frequency region breast cancer cell detection. Cell Biochem. Biophys.Biochem. Biophys. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-024-01399-210.1007/s12013-024-01399-2 ↗

31. M.M. Bani, K.S. Noor, A.H.M.I. Ferdous, M.S. Anower, High-performance photonic crystal fibre biosensor for identifying Jurkat cells by refractive index analysis”. IET Nanodielectrics (2024). https://doi.org/10.1049/nde2.1208610.1049/nde2.12086 ↗

32. A.H.M.I. Ferdous, K. Sifulla, N. Most, M. Bani, Harnessing THz technology : biosensor for highly accurate cervical cancer cell detection via refractive index. Cell Biochemistry Biophysics (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-024-01318-510.1007/s12013-024-01318-5 ↗

33. D. Irawan, K. Ramadhan, A. Azhar, Design of PCF-SPR for early detection of skin cancer infected cells. Journal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 8(5), 2293–2298 (2022). https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i5.212010.29303/jppipa.v8i5.2120 ↗

34. D. Vijayalakshmi, Photonic crystal fiber-based skin cancer sensor. J. Opt. 51, 646–652 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-021-00801-z10.1007/s12596-021-00801-z ↗

35. S. Jain, K. Choudhary, A. Kumar, C. Marques, S. Kumar, PCF-based plasmonic sensor for the detection of cervical and skin cancer cell. Results in Optics 14, 100589 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2023.10058910.1016/j.rio.2023.100589 ↗

36. M.B. Hossain, E. Podder, A.A.M. Bulbul, H.S. Mondal, Bane chemicals detection through photonic crystal fiber in THz regime. Opt. Fiber Technol. 54, 102102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2019.10210210.1016/j.yofte.2019.102102 ↗

37. F. Iqbal, S. Biswas, A.A.M. Bulbul, H. Rahaman, B. Hossain, E. Rahaman, A. Awal, Alcohol sensing and classification using PCF-based sensor. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 30, 100384 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.10038410.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100384 ↗

38. M.A. Habib, E. Reyes-Vera, J. Villegas-Aristizabal, M.S. Anower, Numerical modeling of a rectangular hollow-core waveguide for the detection of fuel adulteration in terahertz region. Fibers 8(10), 1–17 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/fib810006310.3390/fib8100063 ↗

39. N.A. Issa, M.A.V. Eijkelenborg, M. Fellew, F. Cox, G. Henry, M.C.J. Large, Fabrication and study of microstructured optical fibers with elliptical holes. Opt. Lett. 29(12), 1336–1338 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.29.00133610.1364/OL.29.001336 ↗

40. C.G. Bostan, R.M. de Ridder, V.J. Gadgil, L. Kuipers, A. Driessen (2003) “Line-Defect waveguides in hexagonal hole type photonic crystal slubs: design and fabrication using focused ion beam technology”. In Proceedings symposium IEEE/LEOS Benelux Chapter, Enschede10.1117/12.545694 ↗

41. P. Abdullah et al., Synthetic 2D mammography versus standard 2D digital mammography: a diagnostic test accuracy systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Roentgenol. 217(2), 314–324 (2021). https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.2420410.2214/AJR.20.24204 ↗

42. B.K. Paul, K. Ahmed, D. Vigneswaran, F. Ahmed, S. Roy, D. Abbott, Quasi-photonic crystal fiber-based spectroscopic chemical sensor in the terahertz spectrum: Design and analysis. IEEE Sens. J. 18(24), 9948–9954 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2018.287289210.1109/JSEN.2018.2872892 ↗

43. A.A.M. Bulbul, E. Podder, S. Biswas, M.B. Hossain, Modelling and numerical analysis of a fabrication-friendly PCF-based biosensor: Milk sensing. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 35, 100471 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.10047110.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100471 ↗

44. M.A. Islam, M.R. Islam, S. Siraz, M. Rahman, M.S. Anzum, F. Noor, Wheel structured Zeonex-based photonic crystal fiber sensor in THz regime for sensing milk. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 127(5), 1–13 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-04472-210.1007/s00339-021-04472-2 ↗

45. A.C. Shi, A.M. Maidi, N. Shamsuddin, A. Kalam, F. Begum, Photonic crystal fibre sensor for alcohol detection with extremely low birefringence. JASE 20, 2 (2023)

46. A.H.M.I. Ferdous, M.M. Reddy, T.M.K. Anwer, S. Anower, P. Jain, A. Musha, A. Islam, S.H. Ahammad, A.N.Z. Rashed, Optical communications with guided wave fibers with rectangular cladding for fuel adulteration detection. J. Opt. Commun. 43(3), 113–120 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2023-005810.1515/joc-2023-0058 ↗

47. A.H.M.I. Ferdous, K.S. Noor, K. Balamurugan, G. Ramkumar, C.R. Kumar, S.B. Mohan, B.M. Xavier, S.Z.E. Noor, B.N. Sathi, A.N.Z. Rashed, A. Hossain, Terahertz spectrum petrochemical sensing: a photonic crystal fiber refractive index hybrid structure approach. J. Opt. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-023-01553-810.1007/s12596-023-01553-8 ↗