Hybrid reduced graphene oxide/TiO2/graphitic carbon nitride composites with improved photocatalytic activity for organic pollutant degradation
Source abstract
Abstract
The triple-component composites (rGO/TiO2/CN) were fabricated from the mixtures of the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets, anatase TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) via simple mechanical stirring followed by calcination process. The rGO/TiO2/CN-0.75 sample with the optimal weight ratio exhibits improved photocatalytic activity, evidenced by methylene blue degradation, which is attributed to the synergistic effect of the incorporation of rGO and g-C3N4 with TiO2. The porous-layered structure of rGO and g-C3N4 encourages excellent dispersion of TiO2 NPs and consequently increases absorption sites and photocatalytic reaction sites. Meanwhile, the g-C3N4 expands visible-light absorption range and enhances the light harvest. Furthermore, rGO accelerates the photogenerated carrier separation and effectively suppresses charge recombination in the composites due to the excellent conductivity. The results provide a facile and promising strategy for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of TiO2-based composite photocatalysts.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques · Advanced Nanomaterials in Catalysis · Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (47)
Show source-provided references
1. A. Fujishima, K. Honda, Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238, 37 (1972)10.1038/238037a0 ↗
2. S. Kitano, M. Sadakiyo, K. Kato, M. Yamauchi, H. Asakura, T. Tanaka, K. Hashimoto, H. Kominami, Effects of the structure of the Rh3+ modifier on photocatalytic performances of an Rh3+/TiO2 photocatalyst under irradiation of visible light. Appl. Catal. B 205, 340 (2017)10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.12.047 ↗
3. J. Shao, W. Sheng, M. Wang, S. Li, J. Chen, Y. Zhang, S. Cao, In situ synthesis of carbon-doped TiO2 single-crystal nanorods with a remarkably photocatalytic efficiency. Appl. Catal. B 209, 311 (2017)10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.008 ↗
4. X. Yan, K. Yuan, N. Lu, H. Xu, S. Zhang, N. Takeuchi, H. Kobayashi, R. Li, The interplay of sulfur doping and surface hydroxyl in band gap engineering: mesoporous sulfur-doped TiO2 coupled with magnetite as a recyclable, efficient, visible light active photocatalyst for water purification. Appl. Catal. B 218, 20 (2017)10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.06.022 ↗
5. B. Gao, T. Wang, X. Fan, H. Gong, H. Guo, W. Xia, Y. Feng, X. Huang, J. He, Synthesis of yellow mesoporous Ni-doped TiO2 with enhanced photoelectrochemical performance under visible light. Inorg. Chem. Front. 4, 898 (2017)10.1039/C6QI00609D ↗
6. M. Li, Y. Chen, W. Li, X. Li, H. Tian, X. Wei, Z. Ren, G. Han, Ultrathin anatase TiO2 nanosheets for high-performance photocatalytic hydrogen production. Small 13, 1604115 (2017)10.1002/smll.201604115 ↗
7. B. Weng, Q. Quan, Y.J. Xu, Decorating geometry- and size- controlled sub-20 nm Pd nanocubes onto 2D TiO2 nanosheets for simultaneous H2 evolution and 1,1-diethoxyethane production. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 18366 (2016)10.1039/C6TA07853B ↗
8. L. Yuan, B. Weng, J.C. Colmenares, Y.G. Sun, Y.J. Xu, Multichannel charge transfer and mechanistic insight in metal decorated 2D-2D Bi2WO6-TiO2 cascade with enhanced photocatalytic performance. Small 13, 1702253 (2017)10.1002/smll.201702253 ↗
9. X.K. Zeng, Z.Y. Wang, G. Wang, T.R. Gengenbach, D.T. McCarthy, A. Deletic, J.G. Yu, X.W. Zhang, Highly dispersed TiO2 nanocrystals and WO3 nanorods on reduced graphene oxide: Z-scheme photocatalysis system for accelerated photocatalytic water disinfection. Appl. Catal. B 218, 163 (2017)10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.06.055 ↗
10. X. Fan, T. Wang, Y. Guo, H. Gong, H. Xue, H. Guo, B. Gao, J. He, Synthesis of ordered mesoporous TiO2-Carbon-CNTs nanocomposite and its efficient photoelectrocatalytic methanol oxidation performance. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 240, 1 (2017)10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.10.049 ↗
11. H. Xue, T. Wang, H. Gong, H. Guo, X. Fan, B. Gao, Y. Feng, X. Meng, X. Huang, J. He, Constructing ordered three-dimensional TiO2 channels for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance in CO2 conversion induced by Au nanoparticles. Chem. Asian J. 13, 577 (2018)10.1002/asia.201701807 ↗
12. H. Gong, T. Wang, H. Xue, X. Fan, B. Gao, H. Zhang, L. Shi, J. He, J. Ye, Photo-enhanced lithium oxygen batteries with defective titanium oxide as both photo-anode and air electrode. Energy Storage Mater 13, 49 (2018)10.1016/j.ensm.2017.12.025 ↗
13. L.A. Gu, J.Y. Wang, H. Cheng, Y.Z. Zhao, L.F. Liu, X.J. Han, One-step preparation of graphene-supported anatase TiO2 with exposed {001} facets and mechanism of enhanced photocatalytic properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 5, 3085 (2013)10.1021/am303274t ↗
14. S.Y. Pu, R.X. Zhu, H. Ma, D.L. Deng, X.J. Pei, F. Qi, W. Chu, Facile in-situ design strategy to disperse TiO2 nanoparticles on graphene for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine 6G. Appl. Catal. B 218, 208 (2017)10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.06.039 ↗
15. S. Zhang, J. Xu, J. Hu, C. Cui, H. Liu, Interfacial growth of TiO2–rGO composite by pickering emulsion for photocatalytic degradation. Langmuir 33, 5015 (2017)10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00719 ↗
16. P.F. Xia, B.C. Zhu, B. Cheng, J.G. Yu, J.S. Xu, 2D/2D g-C3N4/MnO2 nanocomposite as a direct Z-scheme photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic activity. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6, 965 (2018)10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03289 ↗
17. L.Q. Yang, J.F. Huang, L. Shi, L.Y. Cao, H.M. Liu, Y.Y. Liu, Y.X. Li, H. Song, Y.N. Jie, J.H. Ye, Sb doped SnO2-decorated porous g-C3N4 nanosheet heterostructures with enhanced photocatalytic activities under visible light irradiation. Appl. Catal. B 221, 670 (2018)10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.09.041 ↗
18. G.G. Zhang, Z.A. Lan, X.C. Wang, Surface engineering of graphitic carbon nitride polymers with cocatalysts for photocatalytic overall water splitting. Chem. Sci. 8, 5261 (2017)10.1039/C7SC01747B ↗
19. J. Chen, X. Xu, T. Li, K. Pandiselvi, J. Wang, Toward high performance 2D/2D hybrid photocatalyst by electrostatic assembly of rationally modified carbon nitride on reduced graphene oxide. Sci. Rep. 6, 37318 (2016)10.1038/srep37318 ↗
20. X. Fan, T. Wang, B. Gao, H. Gong, H. Xue, H. Guo, L. Song, W. Xia, X. Huang, J. He, Preparation of the TiO2/graphic carbon nitride core-shell array as a photoanode for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Langmuir 32, 13322 (2016)10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03107 ↗
21. X. Li, H. Ren, Z. Zou, J. Sun, J. Wang, Z. Liu, Energy gap engineering of polymeric carbon nitride nanosheets for matching with NaYF4:Yb,Tm: enhanced visible-near infrared photocatalytic activity. Chem. Commun. 52, 453 (2016)10.1039/C5CC07372C ↗
22. K. Pandiselvi, H. Fang, X. Huang, J. Wang, X. Xu, T. Li, Constructing a novel carbon nitride/polyaniline/ZnO ternary heterostructure with enhanced photocatalytic performance using exfoliated carbon nitride nanosheets as supports. J. Hazard. Mater. 314, 67 (2016)10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.035 ↗
23. Z. Xu, C. Zhuang, Z. Zou, J. Wang, X. Xu, T. Peng, Enhanced photocatalytic activity by the construction of a TiO2/carbon nitride nanosheets heterostructure with high surface area via direct interfacial assembly. Nano Res. 10, 2193 (2017)10.1007/s12274-017-1453-2 ↗
24. Z.A. Huang, Q. Sun, K.L. Lv, Z.H. Zhang, M. Li, B. Li, Effect of contact interface between TiO2 and g-C3N4 on the photoreactivity of g-C3N4/TiO2 photocatalyst: (001) vs (101) facets of TiO2. Appl. Catal. B 164, 420 (2015)10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.09.043 ↗
25. R.R. Hao, G.H. Wang, H. Tang, L.L. Sun, C. Xu, D.Y. Han, Template-free preparation of macro/mesoporous g-C3N4/TiO2 heterojunction photocatalysts with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Appl. Catal. B 187, 47 (2016)10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.01.026 ↗
26. Y.Y. Wang, W.J. Yang, X.J. Chen, J. Wang, Y.F. Zhu, Photocatalytic activity enhancement of core-shell structure g-C3N4@TiO2 via controlled ultrathin g-C3N4 layer. Appl. Catal. B 220, 337 (2018)10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.08.004 ↗
27. H.R. Lv, H.H. Hu, C. Cui, P. Lin, P. Wang, H. Wang, L.B. Xu, J.Q. Pan, C.R. Li, Enhanced performance of dye-sensitized solar cells with layered structure graphitic carbon nitride and reduced graphene oxide modified TiO2 photoanodes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 422, 1015 (2017)10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.126 ↗
28. W.S. Hummers Jr., R.E. Offeman, Preparation of graphitic oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 1339 (1958)10.1021/ja01539a017 ↗
29. H. Hu, Z.B. Zhao, W.B. Wan, Y. Gogotsi, J.S. Qiu, Ultralight and highly compressible graphene aerogels. Adv. Mater. 25, 2219 (2013)10.1002/adma.201204530 ↗
30. Y.B. Wang, X. Zhao, D. Cao, Y. Wang, Y.F. Zhu, Peroxymonosulfate enhanced visible light photocatalytic degradation bisphenol A by single-atom dispersed Ag mesoporous g-C3N4 hybrid. Appl. Catal. B 211, 79 (2017)10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.079 ↗
31. W.K. Wang, M. Gao, X. Zhang, M. Fujitsuka, T. Majima, H.Q. Yu, One-step synthesis of nonstoichiometric TiO2 with designed (101) facets for enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution. Appl. Catal. B 205, 165 (2017)10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.12.036 ↗
32. Z.W. Tong, D. Yang, J.F. Shi, Y.H. Nan, Y.Y. Sun, Z.Y. Jiang, Three-dimensional porous aerogel constructed by g-C3N4 and graphene oxide nanosheets with excellent visible-light photocatalytic performance. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 7, 25693 (2015)10.1021/acsami.5b09503 ↗
33. Y. Zhang, W.Q. Cui, W.J. An, L. Liu, Y.H. Liang, Y.F. Zhu, Combination of photoelectrocatalysis and adsorption for removal of bisphenol A over TiO2-graphene hydrogel with 3D network structure. Appl. Catal. B 221, 36 (2018)10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.08.076 ↗
34. J.S. Xu, H. Wang, C. Zhang, X.F. Yang, S.W. Cao, J.G. Yu, M. Shalom, From millimeter to subnanometer: vapor-solid deposition of carbon nitride hierarchical nanostructures directed by supramolecular assembly. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 56, 8426 (2017)10.1002/anie.201611946 ↗
35. X.J. Chen, Q. Chen, W.J. Jiang, Z. Wei, Y.F. Zhu, Separation-free TiO2-graphene hydrogel with 3D network structure for efficient photoelectrocatalytic mineralization. Appl. Catal. B 211, 106 (2017)10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.061 ↗
36. X.Y. Zhang, H.P. Li, X.L. Cui, Y.H. Lin, Graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization and application in hydrogen evolution from water photocatalytic splitting. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 2801 (2010)10.1039/b917240h ↗
37. Y.H. Zhang, Z.R. Tang, X. Fu, Y.J. Xu, Engineering the unique 2D mat of graphene to achieve graphene-TiO2 nanocomposite for photocatalytic selective transformation: What advantage does graphene have over its forebear carbon nanotube? ACS Nano 5, 7426 (2011)10.1021/nn202519j ↗
38. D.L. Zhao, G.D. Sheng, C.L. Chen, X.K. Wang, Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible irradiation on graphene@TiO2 dyade structure. Appl. Catal. B 111, 303 (2012)10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.10.012 ↗
39. J.Q. Yan, H. Wu, H. Chen, Y.X. Zhang, F.X. Zhang, S.F. Liu, Fabrication of TiO2/C3N4 heterostructure for enhanced photocatalytic Z-scheme overall water splitting. Appl. Catal. B 191, 130 (2016)10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.026 ↗
40. J. Liu, Y. Liu, N.Y. Liu, Y.Z. Han, X. Zhang, H. Huang, Y. Lifshitz, S.T. Lee, J. Zhong, Z.H. Kang, Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway. Science 347, 970 (2015)10.1126/science.aaa3145 ↗
41. Q.X. Guo, Y. Xie, X.J. Wang, S.Y. Zhang, T. Hou, S.C. Lv, Synthesis of carbon nitride nanotubes with the C3N4´ stoichiometry via a benzene-thermal process at low temperatures, Chem. Commun., 26 (2004)10.1039/b311390f ↗
42. B. Chai, T.Y. Peng, J. Mao, K. Li, L. Zan, Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)–Pt–TiO2 nanocomposite as an efficient photocatalyst for hydrogen production under visible light irradiation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 16745 (2012)10.1039/c2cp42484c ↗
43. Y.Y. Bu, Z.Y. Chen, Effect of oxygen-doped C3N4 on the separation capability of the photoinduced electron-hole pairs generated by O–C3N4@TiO2 with quasi-shell-core nanostructure. Electrochim. Acta 144, 42 (2014)10.1016/j.electacta.2014.08.095 ↗
44. H. Zhang, X. Lv, Y. Li, Y. Wang, J. Li, P25-Graphene composite as a high performance photocatalyst. ACS Nano 4, 380 (2010)10.1021/nn901221k ↗
45. J. Liu, B. Cheng, J. Yu, A new understanding of the photocatalytic mechanism of the direct Z-scheme gC3N4/TiO2 heterostructure. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 31175 (2016)10.1039/C6CP06147H ↗
46. N. Tian, Y.H. Zhang, X.W. Li, K. Xiao, X. Du, F. Dong, G.I.N. Waterhouse, T.R. Zhang, H.W. Huang, Precursor-reforming protocol to 3D mesoporous g-C3N4 established by ultrathin self-doped nanosheets for superior hydrogen evolution. Nano Energy 38, 72 (2017)10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.05.038 ↗
47. J.L. Li, X.J. Liu, L.K. Pan, W. Qin, T.Q. Chen, Z. Sun, MoS2-reduced graphene oxide composites synthesized via a microwave-assisted method for visible-light photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. RSC Adv. 4, 9647 (2014)10.1039/c3ra46956e ↗