journal article·2026-04

Influence of Hybridization on the Pyrolysis and Mechanical Behaviour of Carbon and Flax Fibres Reinforced Epoxy Laminates Under Fire Conditions

B. Vieille, A. Vivet, A. Bâ

Applied Composite Materials· Volume 33· Issue 2
Publisher page

Abstract

No abstract is available for this record. The assistant can identify its topic from the title, but cannot infer the study’s results.

Source: Not provided · Quality: missing

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Flame retardant materials and properties · Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites · Mechanical Behavior of Composites

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (42)

Show source-provided references
1. Ao, X., Vázquez-López, A., Mocerino, D., González, C., Wang, D.-Y.: Flame retardancy and fire mechanical properties for natural fibre/polymer composite: A review. Compos. Part. B. 268, 111069 (2024)10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.111069 ↗
2. Kozłowski, R., Władyka-Przybylak, M.: Flammability and fire resistance of composites reinforced by natural fibres. Polym. Adv. Technol. 19, 446–453 (2008)10.1002/pat.1135 ↗
3. Kim, N.K., Mao, N., Lin, R., Bhattacharyya, D., Mark, C.M., van Loosdrecht, Yuemei Lin: Flame retardant property of flax fabrics coated by extracellular polymeric substances recovered from both activated sludge and aerobic granular sludge. Water Res. 170, 115344 (2020)10.1016/j.watres.2019.115344 ↗
4. Grassia, L., D’Amore, A., Maccaferri, E., Benelli, T., Mazzocchetti, L., Giorgini, L.: A critical evaluation of mechanical and fire performance of flax fibre epoxy resin composites. Macromol. Symp. 405, 2100234 (2022)10.1002/masy.202100234 ↗
5. Lee, H.P., Kureemun, U., Ravandi, M., Teo, W.S.: Performance of interlaminar flax-carbon hybrids under bending, procedia manufacturing, 43, Pages 658–665. (2020)10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.134 ↗
6. Shamsuyeva, M., Hansen, O., Endres, H.-J.: Review on hybrid Carbon/Flax composites and their properties. Int. J. Polym. Sci., 9624670, 2019. (2019)10.1155/2019/9624670 ↗
7. Flynn, J., Amiri, A.: Ulven. Hybridized carbon and flax fibre composites for tailored performance. Mater. Design. 102, 21–29 (2016)10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.164 ↗
8. Swolfs, Y., Gorbatikh, L., Verpoest, I.: Fibre hybridisation in polymer composites: A review. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manufac. 67, 181–200 (2014)10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.08.027 ↗
9. Attia, M.A., El-baky, M.A.A., Abdelhaleem, M.M., Hassan, M.A.: Hybrid composite laminates reinforced with flax-basalt-glass woven fabrics for lightweight load bearing structures. J. Ind. Text. 51, 4622–4664 (2020)10.1177/1528083720960743 ↗
10. Rajendran, S.R.M., Balakrishnan, P.A., Visvalingam, B.: Determination of the mechanical properties of flax and its hybrid flax/Carbon composite laminates with vinyl ester resin for wind turbine rotor blades. J. Compos. Sci. 9(5), 229 (2025)10.3390/jcs9050229 ↗
11. Bahrami, M., del Real, J.C., Mehdikhani, M., Butenegro, J.A., Abenojar, J., Martínez, M.A.: Hybridization effect on interlaminar bond Strength, flexural Properties, and hardness of Carbon–Flax fibre thermoplastic Bio-Composites. Polymers. 15(24), 4619 (2023)10.3390/polym15244619 ↗
12. Habibi, M., Laperrière, L.: Effects of hybridization on Tensile, Flexural, and damage behaviours of Flax/Carbon epoxy composites. Appl. Mech. 4(2), 763–778 (2023)10.3390/applmech4020039 ↗
13. Vivet, A., Tossou, E., Gehring, F., Mareschal, O.: An approach of modelling of the compaction of flax-carbon hybrid stack preforms. Paper presented at ESAFORM 24th International Conference on Material Forming, Liège, Belgique. (2021)10.25518/esaform21.3706 ↗
14. Santos, P., Parente, J.P., Valvez, S., Silva, M.P., Reis, P.N.B.: Hybridization effect on the bending properties of flax composites, procedia structural integrity, 25, Pages 370–377. (2020)10.1016/j.prostr.2020.04.042 ↗
15. Wang, R., He, Z., Yang, S.: Thermal response behaviour of carbon fibre composite plates with glass layers: Experimental and numerical analysis. Polym. Compos. ; 1–14. (2025)10.1002/pc.29937 ↗
16. Mouritz, A.P., et al.: Fire properties of polymer composites. Solid Mech. and Appl., Springer, Dordrecht, (2006)
17. Bourbigot, S., Le Bras, M., Duquesne, S.: Rochery. Recent advances for intumescent polymers. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 289, 499–511 (2004)10.1002/mame.200400007 ↗
18. Bourbigot, S., Duquesne, S.: Fire retardant polymers: Recent developments and opportunities. J. Mater. Chem. 17(22), 2283–2300 (2007)10.1039/b702511d ↗
19. Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) standard FAA AC20-135: Powerplant Installation and Propulsion System Component Fire Protection Test Methods. Standards and Criteria with change (1990)
20. Maaroufi, M.A., Carpier, Y., Vieille, B., Gilles, L., Coppalle, A., Barbe, F.: Post-fire compressive behaviour of carbon fibres woven-ply polyphenylene sulfide laminates for aeronautical applications. Compos. Part. B. 119, 101–113 (2017)10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.03.046 ↗
21. Carpier, Y., Vieille, B., Maaroufi, M.A., Coppalle, A., Barbe, F.: Mechanical behaviour of carbon fibres PPS composites exposed to radiant heat flux and constant compressive force. Comp. Struct. 200, 1–11 (2018)10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.05.086 ↗
22. Carpier, Y., Vieille, B., Coppalle, A., Barbe, F.: About the tensile mechanical behaviour of carbon fibres fabrics reinforced thermoplastic composites under very high temperature conditions. Compos. Part. B. 181, 107586 (2020)10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107586 ↗
23. Vieille, B., Coppalle, A., Le Pluart, L., Schuhler, E., Chaudhary, A., Rijal, B., Alia, A., Delpouve, N., Bourdet, A.: Influence of a flame-retardant on the fire-behaviour and the residual mechanical properties of C/PEKK composite laminates exposed to a kerosene flame. Compos. Part. A. 152, 106720 (2022)10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106720 ↗
24. Vieille, B., Coppalle, A., Le Pluart, L., Schuhler, E., Chaudhary, A., Rijal, B., Alia, A.: Delpouve. Kerosene flame behaviour of C/PEKK composite laminates: Influence of exposure time on residual mechanical properties. Compos. Part. B. 222, 109046 (2021)10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109046 ↗
25. Vieille, B., Coppalle, A., Le Pluart, L., Schuhler, E., Chaudhary, A., Alia, A., Delpouve, N.: Influence of kerosene flame on fire-behaviour and mechanical properties of hybrid carbon glass fibres reinforced PEEK composite laminates. Compos. Struct. 279, 114786 (2022)10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114786 ↗
26. Costa, R.D.F.S., Sales-Contini, R.C.M., Silva, F.J.G., Sebbe, N., Jesus, A.M.P.: A critical review on fibre metal laminates (FML): From manufacturing to sustainable processing. Metals. 13(4), 638 (2023)10.3390/met13040638 ↗
27. Bibinger, J., Eibl, S., Gudladt, H.J.: Influence of low and extreme heat fluxes on thermal degradation of carbon Fibre-reinforced polymers. Appl. Compos. Mater. 29, 1817–1840 (2022)10.1007/s10443-022-10043-2 ↗
28. Bibinger, J., Eibl, S., Gudladt, H.J.: Ply-Resolved quantification of thermal degradation in carbon fibre-reinforced polymers. J. Compos. Mater. ; 002199832211500. (2023)10.1177/00219983221150048 ↗
29. Yue, L., Shi, S., Zheng, S., Huang, Y., Rao, W., Yu, C.: Construction of a hybrid flame retardant based on mesoporous silica for enhancing fire safety, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of epoxy resins. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 141(21), e55404. (2024)10.1002/app.55404 ↗
30. Zhang, D.: Fire-Safe biobased composites: Enhancing the applicability of biocomposites with improved fire performance. Fire. 6, 229 (2023)10.3390/fire6060229 ↗
31. Bhat, T., Chevali, V., Liu, X., Feih, S., Mouritz, A.P.: Fire structural resistance of basalt fibre composite. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manufac. 71, 107–115 (2015)10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.01.006 ↗
32. Mazur, K., Kuciel, S., Salasinska, K.: Mechanical, fire, and smoke behaviour of hybrid composites based on polyamide 6 with basalt/carbon fibres. J. Compos. Mater. 53(28–30), 3979–3991 (2019)10.1177/0021998319853015 ↗
33. Fehri, M., Robleh Ragueh, R., Vivet, A., Dammak, F., Haddar, M.: Improvement of natural fiber composite materials by carbon fibers. J. Renew. Mater. 5(1) (2017). https://doi.org/10.7569/JRM.2016.63412310.7569/JRM.2016.634123 ↗
34. Fehri, M., Vivet, A., Dammak, F., Haddar, M., Keller, C.: A characterisation of the damage process under buckling load in composite reinforced by flax fibres. J. Compos. Sci. 4, 85 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs403008510.3390/jcs4030085 ↗
35. Schuhler, E., Chaudhary, A., Vieille, B., Coppalle, A.: Fire behaviour of composite materials using kerosene burner tests at small-scales. Fire Saf. J. 121, 103290 (2021)10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103290 ↗
36. ISO 2685: Environmental test procedure for airborne equipment — Resistance to fire in designated fire zones, 1998. (1998)
37. Test standard EN 6035: Aerospace series - Fibre-reinforced plastics - Test Method. Determination of notched and unnotched tensile strengthPublished by the European Association of Aerospace Industries (AECMA), (1996)
38. Test standard EN 2562: Aerospace series – Carbon Fibre Reinforced plastics – Test Method – Unidirectional laminates, Flexural Test Parallel To the Fibre Direction. Published by the European Association of Aerospace Industries (AECMA) (March 1997)
39. Thulo, M., Webo, W., Khoathane, M.C., Malwela, T.: Epoxy reinforced flax fibre composites for interior lining panels of an aircraft: Flammability study. J. Eng. e70092 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.7009210.1049/tje2.70092 ↗
40. Kureemun, U., Ravandi, M., Tran, L.Q.N., Teo, W.S., Tay, T.E., Lee, H.P.: Effects of hybridization and hybrid fibre dispersion on the mechanical properties of woven flax-carbon epoxy at low carbon fibre volume fractions. Compos. Part. B. 134, 28–38 (2018)10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.09.035 ↗
41. Lomov, S.V., Ivanov, D.S., Verpoest, I., Zako, M., Kurashiki, T., Nakai, H., Hirosawa, S.: Meso-FE modelling of textile composites: Road map, data flow and algorithms. Compos. Sci. Technol. 67(9), 1870–1891 (2007)10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.10.017 ↗
42. Vanaerschot, A., Cox, B.N., Lomov, S.V., Vandepitte, D.: Stochastic framework for quantifying the geometrical variability of laminated textile composites using micro-computed tomography. Compos. Part. A. 44, 122–131 (2013)10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.08.020 ↗