Anisotropic Dielectric Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites during Microwave Curing
Source abstract
Abstract
Microwave cuing technology is a promising alternative to conventional autoclave curing technology in high efficient and energy saving processing of polymer composites. Dielectric properties of composites are key parameters related to the energy conversion efficiency during the microwave curing process. However, existing methods of dielectric measurement cannot be applied to the microwave curing process. This paper presented an offline test method to solve this problem. Firstly, a kinetics model of the polymer composites under microwave curing was established based on differential scanning calorimetry to describe the whole curing process. Then several specially designed samples of different feature cure degrees were prepared and used to reflect the dielectric properties of the composite during microwave curing. It was demonstrated to be a feasible plan for both test accuracy and efficiency through extensive experimental research. Based on this method, the anisotropic complex permittivity of a carbon fiber/epoxy composite during microwave curing was accurately determined. Statistical results indicated that both the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the composite increased at the initial curing stage, peaked at the maximum reaction rate point and decreased finally during the microwave curing process. Corresponding mechanism has also been systematically investigated in this work.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Epoxy Resin Curing Processes · Synthesis and properties of polymers · Dielectric materials and actuators
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (34)
Show source-provided references
1. Gabr, M.H., Okumura, W., Ueda, H., Kuriyama, W., Uzawa, K., Kimpara, I.: Mechanical and thermal properties of carbon fiber/polypropylene composite filled with nano-clay. Compos. Part. B-Eng. 69, 94–100 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.09.03310.1016/j.compositesb.2014.09.033 ↗
2. Isbilir, O., Ghassemieh, E.: Finite element analysis of drilling of carbon fibre reinforced composites. Appl. Compos. Mater. 19(3–4), 637–656 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-011-9224-910.1007/s10443-011-9224-9 ↗
3. Dong, C.: Development of a model for predicting the transverse coefficients of thermal expansion of unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced composites. Appl. Compos. Mater. 15(3), 171–182 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-008-9065-310.1007/s10443-008-9065-3 ↗
4. Zhou, J., Li, Y., Li, N., Hao, X.: Enhanced interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber/bismaleimide composites via microwave curing. J. Compos. Mater. 51(18), 2585–2595 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/002199831667389210.1177/0021998316673892 ↗
5. Wu, X., Li, Y., Li, N., Zhou, J., Hao, X.: Analysis of the effect and mechanism of microwave curing on the chemical shrinkage of epoxy resins. High. Perform. Polym. 29(10), 1165–1174 (2016)10.1177/0954008316671794 ↗
6. Joshi, S.C., Bhudolia, S.K.: Microwave-thermal technique for energy and time efficient curing of carbon fiber reinforced polymer prepreg composites. J. Compos. Mater. 48(24), 3035–3048 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1177/002199831350460610.1177/0021998313504606 ↗
7. Li, Y., Li, N., Gao, J.: Tooling design and microwave curing technologies for the manufacturing of fiber-reinforced polymer composites in aerospace applications. Int. J. Adv. M. 70(1–4), 591–606 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5268-310.1007/s00170-013-5268-3 ↗
8. Papargyris, D.A., Day, R.J., Nesbitt, A., Bakavos, D.: Comparison of the mechanical and physical properties of a carbon fibre epoxy composite manufactured by resin transfer moulding using conventional and microwave heating. Compos. Sci. Technol. 68(7), 1854–1861 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.01.01010.1016/j.compscitech.2008.01.010 ↗
9. Xu, X., Wang, X., Cai, Q., Wang, X., Wei, R., Du, S.: Improvement of the compressive strength of carbon fiber/epoxy composites via microwave curing. J. Mate. Sci. Technol. 32(3), 226–232 (2016)
10. Zhou, J., Li, Y., Li, N., Hao, X., Liu, C.: Interfacial shear strength of microwave processed carbon fiber/epoxy composites characterized by an improved fiber-bundle pull-out test. Compos. Sci. Technol. 133, 173–183 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.07.03310.1016/j.compscitech.2016.07.033 ↗
11. Zhou, J., Li, Y., Cheng, L., Hao, X.: Dielectric properties of continuous fiber reinforced polymer composites: modeling, validation, and application. Polym. Compos. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.2457910.1002/pc.24579 ↗
12. Micheli, D., Apollo, C., Pastore, R., Marchetti, M.: X-band microwave characterization of carbon-based nanocomposite material, absorption capability comparison and RAS design simulation. Compos. Sci. Technol. 70(2), 400–409 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.11.01510.1016/j.compscitech.2009.11.015 ↗
13. Maistros, G.M., Partridge, I.K.: Dielectric monitoring of cure in a commercial carbon-fibre composite. Compos. Sci. Technol. 53(4), 355–359 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(95)00007-010.1016/0266-3538(95)00007-0 ↗
14. Carlone, P., Palazzo, G.S.: Unsaturated and saturated flow front tracking in liquid composite molding processes using dielectric sensors. Appl. Compos. Mater. 22(5), 543–557 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-014-9422-310.1007/s10443-014-9422-3 ↗
15. Lee, D.G., Kim, H.G.: Non-isothermal in situ dielectric cure monitoring for thermosetting matrix composites. J. Compos. Mater. 38(12), 977–993 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1177/002199830404056310.1177/0021998304040563 ↗
16. Kim, H.S., Yoo, S.H., Chang, S.H.: In Situ Monitoring of the Strain Evolution and Curing Reaction of Composite Laminates to Reduce the Thermal Residual Stress Using FBG Sensor and Dielectrometry. Compos. Part. B-Eng. 44(1), 446–452 (2013)10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.021 ↗
17. Cao, M.S., Song, W.L., Hou, Z.L., Wen, B., Yuan, J.: The effects of temperature and frequency on the dielectric properties, electromagnetic interference shielding and microwave-absorption of short carbon fiber/silica composites. Carbon. 48(3), 788–796 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.10.02810.1016/j.carbon.2009.10.028 ↗
18. Bobowski, J.S., Johnson, T.: Permittivity measurements of biological samples by an open-ended coaxial line. Prog. Electromagn. Res. 40, 159–183 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERB1202290610.2528/PIERB12022906 ↗
19. Fan, Z., Luo, G., Zhang, Z., Zhou, L., Wei, F.: Electromagnetic and microwave absorbing properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polymer composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Adv. 132(1), 85–89 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2006.02.04510.1016/j.mseb.2006.02.045 ↗
20. López-Rodríguez, P., Escot-Bocanegra, D., Poyatos-Martínez, D., Weinmann, F.: Comparison of metal-backed free-space and open-ended coaxial probe techniques for the dielectric characterization of aeronautical composites. Sensors. 16(7), 967 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/s1607096710.3390/s16070967 ↗
21. Zhang, X., Chang, T., Cui, H.L., Sun, Z., Yang, C., Yang, X., Fan, W.: A free-space measurement technique of terahertz dielectric properties. J. Infrared. Millim. Te. 38(3), 356–365 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-016-0341-210.1007/s10762-016-0341-2 ↗
22. Monti, M., Puglia, D., Natali, M., Torre, L., Kenny, J.M.: Effect of carbon nanofibers on the cure kinetics of unsaturated polyester resin: thermal and chemorheological modelling. Compos. Sci. Technol. 71(12), 1507–1516 (2011)
23. Mourad, A.H.I., Abdel-Magid, B.M., El-Maaddawy, T., Grami, M.E.: Effect of seawater and warm environment on glass/epoxy and glass/polyurethane composites. Appl. Compos. Mater. 17(5), 557–573 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-010-9143-110.1007/s10443-010-9143-1 ↗
24. Li, N., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Hao, X.: Kinetics modeling of carbon-fiber-reinforced bismaleimide composites under microwave and thermal curing. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 133(33), (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.4377010.1002/app.43770 ↗
25. Friedman, H.L.: Kinetics of thermal degradation of char-forming plastics from thermogravimetry. Application to a phenolic plastic. J. Polym. Sci. Ploym. Symp. 6(1), 183–195 (1964)
26. Kamal, M.R.: Thermoset characterization for moldability analysis. Polym. Eng. Sci. 14(3), 231–239 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.76014031210.1002/pen.760140312 ↗
27. Zvetkov, V.L., Comparative, D.S.C.: Kinetics of the reaction of DGEBA with aromatic diamines.: I. Non-isothermal kinetic study of the reaction of DGEBA with m-phenylene diamine. Polymer. 42(16), 6687–6697 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00160-410.1016/S0032-3861(01)00160-4 ↗
28. Li, N., Li, Y., Hao, X., Gao, J.: A comparative experiment for the analysis of microwave and thermal process induced strains of carbon fiber/bismaleimide composite materials. Compos. Sci. Technol. 106, 15–19 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.10.00810.1016/j.compscitech.2014.10.008 ↗
29. Li, N., Li, Y., Hang, X., Gao, J.: Analysis and optimization of temperature distribution in carbon fiber reinforced composite materials during microwave curing process. J. Mater. Process. Tech. 214(3), 544–550 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.10.01210.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.10.012 ↗
30. Debye, P.J.W.: Polar molecules. Chemical Catalog Company, New York (1929)
31. Kalman, O.F., Smyth, C.P.: Microwave absorption and molecular structure in liquids. XXVIII. The dielectric relaxation of some rigid molecules in viscous solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82(4), 783–787 (1960). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01489a00510.1021/ja01489a005 ↗
32. Ramo, S., Whinnery, J.R., Van Duzer, T.: Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics. John Wiley & Sons, New York (2008)
33. Frank, E., Steudle, L.M., Ingildeev, D., Spörl, J.M., Buchmeiser, M.R.: Carbon fibers: precursor systems, processing, structure, and properties. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 53(21), 5262–5298 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.20130612910.1002/anie.201306129 ↗
34. Wang, B., Duan, Y., Zhang, J., Zhao, X.: Microwave radiation effects on carbon fibres interfacial performance. Compos. Part. B-Eng. 99, 398–406 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.06.03210.1016/j.compositesb.2016.06.032 ↗