Impacting factors and properties of limestone calcined clay cements (LC³)

This paper details the main factors influencing the performance of limestone calcined clay cements (LC³). The kaolinite content plays a major role in the rheological properties as well as strength development. Even in the presence of secondary phases, kaolinite can be accurately quantified by thermogravimetric analysis. The performance of LC³ is slightly influenced by the calcination process of clay, but it can be optimized by using the correct calcination temperature and applying a specific mix design with adjusted sulfate and alkali content. The hydration reactions of LC³ are fully characterized. They vary slightly from plain cement. There is no significant change in terms of phase assemblage. The main properties of LC³ are also described. LC³ blends show a lower creep compliance and a delay in shrinkage strains compared with plain cement. Concerning durability, LC³ blends show outstanding performance with respect to resisting chloride ingress and expansion from the alkali–silica reaction.