Experimental and Numerical Study of Ballistic Resistance of Composites Based on Sandwich Metallic Foams
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract In recent years, hybrid composite materials are of increasing interest during the search for new materials to be used as ballistic barriers (shields) and kinetic energy absorbers. The main objective of this study is to test the energy absorption capacity of Zn-Al alloys filled with various polymer materials (epoxy resin, polyurethane resin and silicone). The ballistic resistance of modern hybrid materials to direct firing of a 5.56 × 45 mm SS109 projectile and during quasi-static piercing test is examined. Next, a numerical simulation in the ABAQUS environment is performed. In order to accurately reproduce the foam structure, a computed microtomography (CT) system is used. In the simulation of deformations of viscoplastic bodies, the Lagrange and Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) methods are applied. The obtained results from numerical analyses are verified with experimental results. Metallic foams are proven to have only a remote influence on the impact load, while, when filled with polyurethane resin, they show resistance to the overshoot. Performed simulation supports the detailed analysis of the impact energy dissipation for each of the samples.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: High-Velocity Impact and Material Behavior · Fluid Dynamics Simulations and Interactions · Structural Response to Dynamic Loads
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (71)
Show source-provided references
1. Pyka, D., Jamroziak, K., Blazejewski, W., Bocian, M.: Calculations with the finite element method during the design ballistic armour. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Scientific Conference Computer Aided Engineering (Rusinski E and Pietrusiak D), Springer International Publishing AG, 451459 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50938-9_4710.1007/978-3-319-50938-9_47 ↗
2. Garcia-Avila, M., Portanova, M., Rabieia, A.: Ballistic performance of composite metal foams. Compos. Struct. 125, 202–211 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.01.03110.1016/j.compstruct.2015.01.031 ↗
3. Zhao, H., Elnasri, I., Girard, Y.: Perforation of aluminium foam core sandwich panels under impact loading-An experimental study. Int. J. Impact Eng. 34, 1246–1257 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.06.01110.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.06.011 ↗
4. Pach, J., Pyka, D., Jamroziak, K., Mayer, P.: The experimental and numerical analysis of the ballistic resistance of polymer composites. Compos. Part B 113, 24–30 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.01.00610.1016/j.compositesb.2017.01.006 ↗
5. Kolopp, A., Rivallant, S., Bouvet, C.: Experimental study of sandwich structures as armour against medium-velocity impacts. Int. J. Impact Eng. 61, 24–35 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2013.05.00710.1016/j.ijimpeng.2013.05.007 ↗
6. Garcia-Avila, M., Portanova, M., Rabieia, A.: Ballistic performance of a composite metal foam-ceramic armor system. Procedia Mater. Sci. 4, 151–156 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.57110.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.571 ↗
7. Zhang, J., Qin, Q., Xiang, C., Wang, T.J.: Dynamic response of slender multilayer sandwich beams with metal foam cores subjected to low-velocity impact. Compos. Struct. 153, 614–623 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.06.05910.1016/j.compstruct.2016.06.059 ↗
8. Kucewicz, M., Baranowski, P., Malachowski, J., Poplawski, A., Platek, P.: Modelling, and characterization of 3D printed cellular structures. Mater. Design. 142, 177–189 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.01.02810.1016/j.matdes.2018.01.028 ↗
9. Alavia Nia, A., Ranjbarzadeh, H., Kazemi, M.: An Empirical Study on Ballistic Resistance of Sandwich Targets with Aluminum Facesheets and Composite Core. Lat. Am. J. Solids Struct. 14, 1679–7825 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-7825339010.1590/1679-78253390 ↗
10. Daniel, I.M., Gdoutos, E.E., Rajapakse, Y.D.S.: Major Accomplishments in Composite Materials and Sandwich Structures. Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg London New York (2009)
11. Jhaver, R., Tippur, H.: Processing, compression response and finite element modeling of syntactic foam based interpenetrating phase composite (IPC). Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 499, 507–517 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.09.04210.1016/j.msea.2008.09.042 ↗
12. Ji, G., Ouyang, Z., Li, G.: Debonding and impact tolerant sandwich panel with hybrid foam core. Compos. Struct. 103, 143–150 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.04.00610.1016/j.compstruct.2013.04.006 ↗
13. Hou, W., Zhu, F., Lu, G., Fang, D.N.: Ballistic impact experiments of metallic sandwich panels with aluminium foam core. Int. J. Impact. Eng. 37, 1045–1055 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.03.00610.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.03.006 ↗
14. Babakhani, A., Golestanipour, M., Zebarjad, S.M.: Modelling of aluminium foam core sandwich panels under impact perforation. Mater. Sci. Technol. 32(13), 1330–1337 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2015.112229710.1080/02670836.2015.1122297 ↗
15. Ryan, S., Hedman, T., Christiansen, E.L.: Honeycomb vs. foam: Evaluating potential upgrades to ISS module shielding. Acta Astronaut. 67, 818–825 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.05.02110.1016/j.actaastro.2010.05.021 ↗
16. Klavzar, A., Chiroli, M., Jung, A., Reck, B.: Protective performance of hybrid metal foams as MMOD shields. Procedia Eng. 103, 294–301 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.04.05010.1016/j.proeng.2015.04.050 ↗
17. Jung, A., Lach, E., Diebels, S.: New hybrid materials for impact protection. Int. J. Impact Eng. 64, 30–38 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2013.09.00210.1016/j.ijimpeng.2013.09.002 ↗
18. Raviprasada, S., Murzyn, C., Abueidda, D., Meyer, J., Kozuch, C., Glumac, N., Jasiuk, I.: Experimental ballistics and comparative quantification of novel polymer foam core sandwich structures. http://speautomotive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ET_JasiukRaviprasad_U-of-Illinois-at-Urbana-Champaign_Experimental-Ballistics-and-Comparative-Quantification-of-Novel-Polymer-Foam-Core-Sandwich-Structures.pdf [online 3.02.2020], (2020)
19. Li, Z., Zheng, Z., Yu, J.: Low-velocity perforation behavior of composite sandwich panels with aluminum foam core. J. Sandwich Struct. Mater. 15, 92–109 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1177/109963621245453810.1177/1099636212454538 ↗
20. Zhou, Z., Su, B., Wang, Z., Shu, X., Zhao, L.: Impact Response of Aluminium Alloy Foams Under Complex Stress States. Lat. Am. J. Solids Struct. 13, 665–689 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-7825234410.1590/1679-78252344 ↗
21. Xiong, J., Du, Y., Mousanezhad, D., Eydani Asl, M., Norato, J., Vaziri, N.: Sandwich Structures with Prismatic and Foam Cores: A Review. Adv. Eng. Mater. 21, 1800036 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20180003610.1002/adem.201800036 ↗
22. Baranowski, P., Malachowski, J., Platek, P., Szafranska, A.: LENS Ti-6Al-4V alloy material properties determination for LS-Dyna package, AIP Conf. Proc. 2078 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.509206110.1063/1.5092061 ↗
23. Zhao, L., Qian, X., Sun, Y., Yuan, M., Tang, F., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Q., Chen, Y.: Ballistic behaviors of injection-molded honeycomb composite. J. Mater. Sci. 53, 14287–14298 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2611-y10.1007/s10853-018-2611-y ↗
24. Qi, C., Yang, S., Wang, D., Yang, Li-J.: ballistic resistance of honeycomb sandwich panels under in-plane high-velocity impact. Sci. World J. 892781 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/89278110.1155/2013/892781 ↗
25. Gunes, R., Arslan, K., Apalak, M.K., Reddy, J.N.: Ballistic performance of honeycomb sandwich structures reinforced by functionally graded face plates. J. Sandwich. Struct. Mater. 21, 211–229 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/1099636-21668946210.1177/1099636-216689462 ↗
26. Szudrowicz, M.: Layered composite increasing the resistance of patrol and intervention vehicles to the impact of improvised explosive devices (IED) from below. Eksploat. Niezawodn. 20, 9–15 (2018). https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2018.1.210.17531/ein.2018.1.2 ↗
27. Wang, Y., Yu, Y., Wang, C., Zhou, G., Karamoozian, A., Zhao, W.: On the out-of-plane ballistic performances of hexagonal, reentrant, square, triangular and circular hone- comb panels. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 173 (2020). 105402.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.10540210.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.105402 ↗
28. Gupta, N., Rohatgi P.K.: 4.15 Metal Matrix Syntactic Foams. Comprehen. Compos. Mater. II, 4, 364–385 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09971-929.10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09971-929 ↗
29. Baranowski, P., Platek, P., Antolak-Dudka, A., Sarzynski, M., Kicewicz, M., Durejko, T., Malachowski, J., Janiszewski, J., Czujko, T.: Deformation of honeycomb cellular structures manufactured with Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) technology under quasi-static loading: Experimental testing and simulation. Addit. Manuf. 25, 307–316 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.11.01810.1016/j.addma.2018.11.018 ↗
30. Shepherd, T., Winwood, K., Venkatraman, P., Alderson, A., Thomas Allen, T.: Validation of a finite element modeling process for auxetic structures under impact. Phys. Status. Solidi. B. 1900197 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.20190019710.1002/pssb.201900197 ↗
31. Szymczyk, P., Hoppe, V., Ziolkowski, G., Smolnicki, M., Madeja, M.: The effect of geometry on mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V ELI scaffolds manufactured using additive manufacturing technology. Archiv. Civ. Mech. Eng. 20, 11 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-020-0011-y10.1007/s43452-020-0011-y ↗
32. Duarte, I., Ferreira, M.F.: Composite and nanocomposite metal foams. Mater. 9, 79 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma902007910.3390/ma9020079 ↗
33. Lehmhus, D., Vesenjak, M., de Schampheleire, S., Fiedler, T.: From stochastic foam to designed structure: balancing cost and performance of cellular metals. Mater. 10, 922 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1008092210.3390/ma10080922 ↗
34. Dmitruk, A., Naplocha, K., Zak, A., Strojny-Nedza, A., Dieringa, H., Kainer, K.: Development of pore-free Ti-Si-C MAX/Al-Si composite materials manufactured by squeeze casting infiltration. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 28, 6248–6257 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04390-810.1007/s11665-019-04390-8 ↗
35. European Standard EN 1522. Windows, doors, shutters and blinds-bullet resistance-requirements and classification. European Standard EN 1522; CEN: Brussels, Belgium (1998)
36. He, X., Rong, J-l., Xiaang, D-l.: Damage analysis of aluminium foam panel subjected to underwater shock loading. Schock and Vibration. ID 6031414 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/603141410.1155/2017/6031414 ↗
37. Sahu, S., Mondal, D.P., Cho, J.U., Goll, M.D., Ansari, M.Z.: Low-velocity impact characteristics of closed cell AA2014-SiCp compositefoam. Compos. Part B 160, 394–401 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.12.05410.1016/j.compositesb.2018.12.054 ↗
38. Xiong, J., Du, Y., Mousanezhad, D., Asl, M.E., Norato, J., Vaziri, A.: Sandwich structures with prismatic and foam cores: A review. Adv. Eng. Mater. 21, e1800036 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20180003610.1002/adem.201800036 ↗
39. Zhang, Q.N., Zhang, X.W., Lu, G.X., Ruan, D.: Ballistic impact behaviors of aluminum alloy sandwich panels with honeycomb cores: An experimental study. J. Sandw. Struct. Mater. 20, 861–884 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1177/109963621668216610.1177/1099636216682166 ↗
40. Ramachandra, S., Kumar, P.S., Ramamurty, U.: Impact energy absorption in an Al foam at low velocities. Scripta Mater. 49, 741–745 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6462(03)00431-710.1016/S1359-6462(03)00431-7 ↗
41. Elnasri, I., Zhao, H.: Impact perforation of sandwich panels with aluminum foam core: A numerical and analytical study. Int. J. Impact. Eng. 96, 50–60 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.05.01310.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.05.013 ↗
42. Han, M.S., Cho, J.U.: Impact damage behavior of sandwich composite with aluminum foam core. T. Nonferr. Metal. Soc. 24, 42–46 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63286-610.1016/S1003-6326(14)63286-6 ↗
43. Alexandra, M.O., Mihai, C.D., Marin, S., Ştefan, S.: Low-velocity impact testing of foam core sandwich panels. J. Eng. Sci. Inn. 3, 93–106 (2018)
44. Luo, G., Xue, P.: Investigations on the mechanism and behavior of dynamic energy absorption of metal foam. Lat. Am. J. Solids. Stru. 15, e47 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-7825451910.1590/1679-78254519 ↗
45. Kaczyński, P., Ptak, M., Gawdzińska, K.: Energy absorption of cast metal and composite foams tested in extremely low and high-temperatures. Mater. Des. 196, 109114 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.10911410.1016/j.matdes.2020.109114 ↗
46. Damghani, M., Gonabadi, M.: Investigation of energy absorption in aluminum foam sandwich panels by drop hammer test: Experimental results. Mech. Mat. Sci. Eng. 7, 93–106 (2017). https://doi.org/10.2412/mmse.37.93.3410.2412/mmse.37.93.34 ↗
47. Steinberg, D.J., Lund, C.M.: A constitutive model for strain rates from 10–4 to 106 s-1. J. Appl. Phys. 65, 1528 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.34296810.1063/1.342968 ↗
48. Bal, B., Karaveli, K.K., Cetin, B., Gumus, B.: The precise determination of the Johnson-Cook material and damage model parameters and mechanical properties of an aluminum 7068–T651 alloy. J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 141, 041001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.404287010.1115/1.4042870 ↗
49. Ijaz, H., Zain-ul-abdein, M., Saleem, W., Asad, M., Mabrouki, T.: Modified Johnson-Cook plasticity model with damage evolution: application to turning simulation of 2xxx aluminium alloy. J. Mech. 33, 777–788 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2017.1110.1017/jmech.2017.11 ↗
50. Kupchella, R., Stowe, D., Xiao, X., Algoso, A., Cogar, J.: Incorporation of material variability in the Johnson Cook model. Procedia Eng. 103, 318–325 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.04.05310.1016/j.proeng.2015.04.053 ↗
51. Johnson, G.R., Holmquist, T.J.: Test data and computational strength and fracture model constants for 23 materials subjected to large strains, high strain rates, and high temperatures. Los Alamos, NM, Report No. LA-11463-MS, Los Alamos National Laboratory (1989)
52. Randles, P.W., Libersky, L.D.: Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics: Some recent improvements and applications. Compu. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 139, 375–408 (1996)10.1016/S0045-7825(96)01090-0 ↗
53. Fras, T., Colard, L., Pawlowski, P.: Perforation of aluminum plates by fragment simulating projectiles (FSP). Int. J. Multiphys. 9, 267–285 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1260/1750-9548.9.3.26710.1260/1750-9548.9.3.267 ↗
54. Heimbs, S.: Computational methods for bird strike simulations: A review. Comput. Struct. 89, 2093–2112 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2011.08.00710.1016/j.compstruc.2011.08.007 ↗
55. Kurzawa, A., Pyka, D., Jamroziak, K., Bocian, M., Kotowski, P., Widomski, P.: Analysis of ballistic resistance of composites based on EN AC-44200 aluminum alloy reinforced with Al2O3 particles. Compos. Struct. 201, 834–844 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.06.09910.1016/j.compstruct.2018.06.099 ↗
56. Kurzawa, A., Pyka, D., Jamroziak, K., Bajkowski, M., Bocian, M., Magier, M., Koch, J.: Assessment of the impact resistance of a composite material with en aw-7075 matrix reinforced with α-Al2O3 particles using a 7.62 × 39 mm projectile. Mater. 13, 769 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1303076910.3390/ma13030769 ↗
57. Mackiewicz, A., Pyka, D., Pach, J., Jamroziak, K., Bocian, M.: Comparison of Numerical Modelling Methods of Innovative Materials for Ballistic Shields. R., Rana S. (eds) Advanced Materials for Defense. Springer Proceedings in Materials, 4, 119–127 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34123-7_1310.1007/978-3-030-34123-7_13 ↗
58. Overview of materials for Silicone Rubber. http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=cbe7a469897a47eda563816c86a73520&ckck=1. Accessed 7 February 2020
59. https://www.zamak.us/zamak-5, date of use: 03.03.2021
60. Panowicz, R., Kołodziejczyk, D., Sybilski, K., Niezgoda, T.: Analysis of process of plate piercing by small dimension cylindrical element. Problems of Mechatronic: Armament, Aviation, Safety Engineering. 5, 2 (16), 77–90 (2014).
61. Gasiorek, D., Baranowski, P., Malachowski, J., Mazurkiewicz, L., Wiercigroch, M.: Modelling of guillotine cutting of multi-layered aluminum sheets. J. Manuf. Process. 34, 374–388 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.06.01410.1016/j.jmapro.2018.06.014 ↗
62. Barlow, A.J., Maire, P.H., Rider, W.J., Rieben, R.N., Shashkov, M.J.: Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian methods for modeling high-speed compressible multimaterial flows. J. Comput. Phys. 322, 603–665 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2016.07.00110.1016/j.jcp.2016.07.001 ↗
63. Zukas, J.: Introduction to hydrocodes. Elsevier Science. The Netherlands, Amsterdam (2004)
64. Farahat, H., Brooghani, S.Y.A.: Effect of heat treatment on the low velocity impact response of A356/SiCp composite foam. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 31, 3347–3354 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-017-0624-010.1007/s12206-017-0624-0 ↗
65. Marx, J., Rabiei, A.: Overview of composite metal foams and their properties and performance. Adv. Eng. Mater. 19, e1600776 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20160077610.1002/adem.201600776 ↗
66. Ipson, T.W., Recht, R.F.: Ballistic-penetration resistance and its measurement. Exp. Mech. 15, 249–257 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0231805710.1007/BF02318057 ↗
67. Børvik, T., Forrestal, M.J., Hopperstad, O.S., Warren, T.L., Langseth, M.: Perforation of AA5083-H116 aluminium plates with conical-nose steel projectiles - Calculations. Int. J. Impact. Eng. 36, 426–437 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.02.00410.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.02.004 ↗
68. Ben-Dor, G., Dubinsky, A., Elperin, T.: On the Lambert-Jonas approximation for ballistic impact. Mech. Res. Commun. 29, 137–139 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-6413(02)00246-X10.1016/S0093-6413(02)00246-X ↗
69. Haque, B.Z.G., Gillesoie, J.W.: A new penetration equation for ballistic limit analysis. J. Thermoplast. Compos. 28(7), 950–972 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/089270571349543010.1177/0892705713495430 ↗
70. Rodriguez-Millan, M., Garcia-Gonzalez, D., Rusinek, A., Arias, A.: Influence of stress state on the mechanical impact and deformation behaviors of aluminum alloys. Metals 8, e520 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/met807052010.3390/met8070520 ↗
71. Bendarwa, A., Jankowiak, T., Łodygowski, T., Rusinek, A.: Experimental and numerical analysis of aluminum alloy AW5005 behavior subjected to tension and perforation under dynamic loading. J. Theor. App. Mech.-Pol. 55, 1219–1233 (2017). https://doi.org/10.15632/jtam-pl.55.4.121910.15632/jtam-pl.55.4.1219 ↗