journal article·2017-04Open access

Effect of pre and Post-Dispersion on Electro-Thermo-Mechanical Properties of a Graphene Enhanced Epoxy

Quentin-Arthur Poutrel, Zixin Wang, Dongyi Wang, Constantinos Soutis, Matthieu Gresil

Applied Composite Materials· Volume 24· Issue 2

Abstract

Graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) modified epoxy nanocomposites are becoming attractive to aerospace due to possible improvements in their mechanical, electrical and thermal properties at no weight cost. The process of obtaining reliable material systems provides many challenges, especially at larger scale (a volume effect). This paper reports on the main fabrication stages of GNP-based epoxy composites, namely (i) pre-dispersion, (ii) dispersion, and (iii) post-dispersion. Each stage is developed to show the interest and potential it delivers for property enhancement. Chemical modification of GNP is presented; functionalisation by Triton X-100 shows elastic modulus improvements of the epoxy at low particle content (≤3%). The post-dispersion step as an alignment of GNP into the epoxy by an electrical field is discussed. The electrical conductivity is below the simulated percolation threshold and an improvement of the thermal diffusivity of 220% when compared to non-oriented GNP epoxy sample is achieved. The work demonstrates how the addition of functionalised graphene platelets to an epoxy resin will allow it to act as electrical and thermal conductor rather than as insulator
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Graphene research and applications · Carbon Nanotubes in Composites · Thermal properties of materials

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (78)

Show source-provided references
1. Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K., Morozov, S.V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S.V., Grigorieva, I.V., Firsov, A.A.: Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 80(306), 666–669 (2004). doi: 10.1126/science.110289610.1126/science.1102896 ↗
2. Signh, V., et al.: Graphene based materials: past, present and future. Prog. Mater. Sci. 56, 1178–1271 (2011)10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.03.003 ↗
3. Ferrari, A.C., Bonaccorso, F., Falko, V., Novoselov, K.S., Roche, S., Bøggild, P., Borini, S., Koppens, F., Palermo, V., Pugno, N., Garrido, J.A., Sordan, R., Bianco, A., Ballerini, L., Prato, M., Lidorikis, E., Kivioja, J., Marinelli, C., Ryhänen, T., Morpurgo, A., Coleman, J.N., Nicolosi, V., Colombo, L., Fert, A., Garcia-Hernandez, M., Bachtold, A., Schneider, G.F., Guinea, F., Dekker, C., Barbone, M., Galiotis, C., Grigorenko, A., Konstantatos, G., Kis, A., Katsnelson, M., Beenakker, C.W.J., Vandersypen, L., Loiseau, A., Morandi, V., Neumaier, D., Treossi, E., Pellegrini, V., Polini, M., Tredicucci, A., Williams, G.M., Hong, B.H., Ahn, J.H., Kim, J.M., Zirath, H., van Wees, B.J., van der Zant, H., Occhipinti, L., Di Matteo, A., Kinloch, I.A., Seyller, T., Quesnel, E., Feng, X., Teo, K., Rupesinghe, N., Hakonen, P., Neil, S.R.T., Tannock, Q., Löfwander, T., Kinaret, J.: Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems. Nanoscale 7, 4598–4810 (2014). doi: 10.1039/C4NR01600A10.1039/C4NR01600A ↗
4. Yue, L., Pircheraghi, G., Monemian, S.A., Manas-Zloczower, I.: Epoxy composites with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets - dispersion and synergy effects. Carbon N. Y. 78, 268–278 (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.07.00310.1016/j.carbon.2014.07.003 ↗
5. Lindsay, L., Broido, D.A., Mingo, N.: Diameter dependence of carbon nanotube thermal conductivity and extension to the graphene limit. Phys. Rev. B - Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 82, 161402 (2010). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.16140210.1103/PhysRevB.82.161402 ↗
6. Hu, N., Masuda, Z., Yamamoto, G., Fukunaga, H., Hashida, T., Qiu, J.: Effect of fabrication process on electrical properties of polymer/multi-wall carbon nanotube nanocomposites. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 39, 893–903 (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.01.00210.1016/j.compositesa.2008.01.002 ↗
7. Martin, C.A., Sandler, J.K.W., Shaffer, M.S.P., Schwarz, M.K., Bauhofer, W., Schulte, K., Windle, A.H.: Formation of percolating networks in multi-wall carbon-nanotube-epoxy composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 64, 2309–2316 (2004). doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.01.02510.1016/j.compscitech.2004.01.025 ↗
8. Montazeri, A., Chitsazzadeh, M.: Effect of sonication parameters on the mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube/epoxy composites. Mater. Des. 56, 500–506 (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.01310.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.013 ↗
9. Kostopoulos, V., Masouras, A., Baltopoulos, A., Vavouliotis, A., Sotiriadis, G., Pambaguian, L.: A critical review of nanotechnologies for composite aerospace structures. CEAS Sp. J. (2016). doi: 10.1007/s12567-016-0123-710.1007/s12567-016-0123-7 ↗
10. Spanos, K.N., Anifantis, N.K.: Finite element prediction of stress transfer in graphene nanocomposites: the interface effect. Compos. Struct. 154, 269–276 (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.07.05810.1016/j.compstruct.2016.07.058 ↗
11. Parashar, A., Mertiny, P.: Multiscale model to investigate the effect of graphene on the fracture characteristics of graphene/polymer nanocomposites. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 7, 595 (2012). doi: 10.1186/1556-276X-7-59510.1186/1556-276X-7-595 ↗
12. Oskouyi, A.B., Mertiny, P.: Monte Carlo model for the study of percolation thresholds in composites filled with circular conductive nano-disks. Procedia Eng (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.06810.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.068 ↗
13. G. Ambrosetti, N. Johner, C. Grimaldi, A. Danani, P. Ryser, Percolative properties of hard oblate ellipsoids of revolution with a soft shell, Phys. Rev. E - Stat. Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, Relat. Interdiscip. Top. 78 (2008) 061126:1-061126:11. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.78.06112610.1103/PhysRevE.78.061126 ↗
14. Otten, R.H.J., Van Der Schoot, P.: Connectivity percolation of polydisperse anisotropic nanofillers. J. Chem. Phys. (2011). doi: 10.1063/1.355900410.1063/1.3559004 ↗
15. Vovchenko, L., Vovchenko, V.: Simulation of percolation threshold in composites filled with conducting particles of various morphologies. Materwiss. Werksttech. 42, 70–74 (2011). doi: 10.1002/mawe.20110073410.1002/mawe.201100734 ↗
16. Hicks, J., Behnam, A., Ural, A.: A computational study of tunneling-percolation electrical transport in graphene- based nanocomposites a computational study of tunneling-percolation electrical transport in graphene-based nanocomposites. Appl. Phys. Lett. 213103, 18–21 (2009). doi: 10.1063/1.326707910.1063/1.3267079 ↗
17. Wang, H., Wang, H., Zhou, W., Zhou, W., Ho, D.L., Ho, D.L., Winey, K.I., Winey, K.I., Fischer, J.E., Fischer, J.E., Glinka, C.J., Glinka, C.J., Hobbie, E.K., Hobbie, E.K.: Dispersing single-walled carbon nanotubes with surfactants: a small angle neutron scattering study. Nano Lett. 4, 1789–1793 (2004). doi: 10.1021/nl048969z10.1021/nl048969z ↗
18. Yu, J., Grossiord, N., Koning, C.E., Loos, J.: Controlling the dispersion of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in aqueous surfactant solution. Carbon N. Y. 45, 150 (2007)
19. Vaisman, L., Wagner, D.H., Vaisman, L., Wagner, H.D., Marom, G.: The role of surfactants in dispersion of carbon nanotubes the role of surfactants in dispersion of carbon nanotubes. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 128, 37–46 (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2006.11.00710.1016/j.cis.2006.11.007 ↗
20. Geng, Y., Liu, M.Y., Li, J., Shi, X.M., Kim, J.K.: Composites : part a effects of surfactant treatment on mechanical and electrical properties of CNT/epoxy nanocomposites. Compos. Part A 39, 1876–1883 (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.09.00910.1016/j.compositesa.2008.09.009 ↗
21. Dreyer, D.R., Park, S., Bielawski, C.W., Ruoff, R.S.: The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 228–240 (2010). doi: 10.1039/b917103g10.1039/b917103g ↗
22. Li, J., Vaisman, L., Marom, G., Kim, J.K.: Br treated graphite nanoplatelets for improved electrical conductivity of polymer composites. Carbon N. Y. 45, 744–750 (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.11.03110.1016/j.carbon.2006.11.031 ↗
23. Li, J., Sham, M.L., Kim, J.K., Marom, G.: Morphology and properties of UV/ozone treated graphite nanoplatelet/epoxy nanocomposites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 67, 296–305 (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.08.00910.1016/j.compscitech.2006.08.009 ↗
24. Ma, P.-C., Mo, S.-Y., Tang, B.-Z., Kim, J.-K.: Dispersion, interfacial interaction and Re- agglomeration of functionalized carbon nanotubes in epoxy composites. Carbon N. Y. 48, 1824–1834 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.02810.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.028 ↗
25. Prolongo, S.G., Meliton, B.G., Del Rosario, G., Ureña, A.: Simultaneous dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes in epoxy resin through chronoamperometry. Carbon N. Y. 50, 5489–5497 (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.07.03710.1016/j.carbon.2012.07.037 ↗
26. R. Sellak, Elaboration et caracterisation d’une resine thermodurcissable conductrice, du Maine, 2013
27. Xie, X.L., Mai, Y.W., Zhou, X.P.: Dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix: a review. Mater. Sci. Eng. R Reports. 49, 89–112 (2005). doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2005.04.00210.1016/j.mser.2005.04.002 ↗
28. Huang, Y.Y., Terentjev, E.M.: Dispersion of carbon nanotubes: mixing, sonication, stabilization, and composite properties. Polymers (Basel) 4, 275–295 (2012). doi: 10.3390/polym401027510.3390/polym4010275 ↗
29. Kostagiannakopoulou, C., Loutas, T.H., Sotiriadis, G., Markou, A., Kostopoulos, V.: On the interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber composites enhanced with graphene nano-species. Compos. Sci. Technol. 118, 217–225 (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.08.01710.1016/j.compscitech.2015.08.017 ↗
30. P. Nordin, Graphene de-icing/anti-icing and lightning strike protection, 2015.
31. Cheng, Q., Wang, J., Jiang, K., Li, Q., Fan, S.: Fabrication and properties of aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy composites. J. Mater. Res. 23, 2975–2983 (2008). doi: 10.1557/JMR.2008.035610.1557/JMR.2008.0356 ↗
32. Cooper, C.A., Cooper, C.A., Ravich, D., Ravich, D., Lips, D., Lips, D., Mayer, J., Mayer, J., Wagner, H.D.: Wagner, distribution and alignment of carbon nanotubes and nano brils in a polymer matrix. Compos. Sci. Technol. 62, 1105–1112 (2008)10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00056-8 ↗
33. Hou, X., et al.: Stretching-induced orientation to improve mechanical properties of electrospun pan nanocomposites QUT ePrints. Mod Phys B. 22, 5913–5918 (2008)10.1142/S0217979208051364 ↗
34. McCann, J.T., Marquez, M., Xia, Y.: Highly porous fibers by electrospinning into a cryogenic liquid. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 1436–1437 (2006). doi: 10.1021/ja056810y10.1021/ja056810y ↗
35. Goh, P.S., Ismail, A.F., Ng, B.C.: Directional alignment of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrices: contemporary approaches and future advances. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 56, 103–126 (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.10.00110.1016/j.compositesa.2013.10.001 ↗
36. Wang, M., Anoshkin, I.V., Nasibulin, A.G., Korhonen, J.T., Seitsonen, J., Pere, J., Kauppinen, E.I., R.H.A, Ras, O.: Ikkala, modifying native nanocellulose aerogels with carbon nanotubes for mechanoresponsive conductivity and pressure sensing. Adv. Mater. (2013). doi: 10.1002/adma.20130025610.1002/adma.201300256 ↗
37. Wu, S., Ladani, R.B., Zhang, J., Bafekrpour, E., Ghorbani, K., Mouritz, A.P., Kinloch, A.J., Wang, C.H.: Aligning multilayer graphene flakes with an external electric field to improve multifunctional properties of epoxy nanocomposites. Carbon N. Y. 94, 607–618 (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.07.02610.1016/j.carbon.2015.07.026 ↗
38. Ladani, R.B., Ravindran, A.R., Wu, S., Pingkarawat, K., Kinloch, A.J., Mouritz, A.P., Ritchie, R.O., Wang, C.H.: Multi-scale toughening of fi bre composites using carbon nano fi bres and z-pins. Compos. Sci. Technol. 131, 98–109 (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.06.00510.1016/j.compscitech.2016.06.005 ↗
39. Li, J., Kim, J.: Percolation threshold of conducting polymer composites containing graphite nanoparticles. Compos. Sci. Technol. 67, 2114–2220 (2007)10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.11.010 ↗
40. Rastogi, R., Kaushal, R., Tripathi, S.K., Sharma, A.L., Kaur, I., Bharadwaj, L.M.: Comparative study of carbon nanotube dispersion using surfactants. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 328, 421–428 (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.09.01510.1016/j.jcis.2008.09.015 ↗
41. Matarredona, O., Rhoads, H., Li, Z., Harwell, J.H., Balzano, L., Resasco, D.E.: Dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes in aqueous solutions of the anionic surfactant NaDDBS. J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 13357–13367 (2003). doi: 10.1021/jp036509910.1021/jp0365099 ↗
42. Bergey, D.M., Johnson, A.T.: High weight fraction surfactant solubilization of single-wall carbon nanotubes in water. Nano Lett. 3, 269–273 (2003)10.1021/nl025924u ↗
43. Bai, Y., Lin, D., Wu, F., Wang, Z., Xing, B.: Adsorption of triton X-series surfactants and its role in stabilizing multi-walled carbon nanotube suspensions. Chemosphere 79, 362–367 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.02310.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.023 ↗
44. Gong, X., Liu, J., Baskaran, S., Voise, R.D., Young, J.S.: Surfactant-assisted processing of carbon nanotube/polymer composites. Chem. Mater. 12, 1049–1052 (2000). doi: 10.1021/cm990639610.1021/cm9906396 ↗
45. Reed, C.W.: The chemistry and physics of the interface region and functionalization. Dielectr. Polym. Nanocomposites (2010). doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1591-7_410.1007/978-1-4419-1591-7_4 ↗
46. Prolongo, S.G., et al.: Advantages and disadvantages of the addition of graphene nanoplatelets to epoxy resins. Eur. Polym. J. 61, 206–214 (2014)10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.09.022 ↗
47. Sharma, R., Baik, J.H., Perera, C.J., Strano, M.S.: Anomalously large reactivity of single graphene layers and edges toward electron transfer chemistries. Nano Lett. 10, 398–405 (2010). doi: 10.1021/nl902741x10.1021/nl902741x ↗
48. Barrau, S., Demont, P., Peigney, A., Laurent, C., Lacabanne, C.: DC and AC conductivity of carbon nanotubes−polyepoxy composites. Macromolecules 36, 5187–5194 (2003)10.1021/ma021263b ↗
49. Cui, S., Canet, R., Derre, A., Couzi, M., Delhaes, P.: C haracterization of multiwall carbon nanotubes and in uence of surfactant in the nanocomposite processing. Carbon N. Y. 41, 797–809 (2003)10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00405-0 ↗
50. Jin, Y., Sun, T., Do, H., Hwa, J.: Electrical conductivity of chemically modified multiwalled carbon nanotube/epoxy composites. Carbon N. Y. 43, 23–30 (2005). doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.08.01510.1016/j.carbon.2004.08.015 ↗
51. Michelis, P., Vlachopoulos, J.: Complete CNT disentanglement-dispersion-functionalisation in a pulsating micro-structured reactor. Chem. Eng, Sci (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2012.12.00310.1016/j.ces.2012.12.003 ↗
52. Nadiv, R., Shtein, M., Buzaglo, M., Peretz-Damari, S., Kovalchuk, A., Wang, T., Tour, J.M., Regev, O.: Graphene nanoribbon-polymer composites: the critical role of edge functionalization. Carbon N. Y. 99, 444–450 (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.03910.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.039 ↗
53. Ahmadi-Moghadam, B., Sharafimasooleh, M., Shadlou, S., Taheri, F.: Functionalization of graphene nanoplatelets on the mechanical response of graphene/epoxy composites. Mater. Des. 66, 142–149 (2015)10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.047 ↗
54. Chiu, P.W., Duesberg, G.S., Dettlaff-Weglikowska, U., Roth, S.: Interconnection of carbon nanotubes by chemical functionalization. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3811–3813 (2002). doi: 10.1063/1.148048710.1063/1.1480487 ↗
55. Hashemi, R.: On the overall viscoelastic behavior of graphene/polymer nanocomposites with imperfect interface. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 105, 38–55 (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2016.04.00610.1016/j.ijengsci.2016.04.006 ↗
56. Gojny, F.H.: Carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy-composites : enhanced stiffness and fracture toughness at low nanotube content. Compos. Sci. Technol. 64, 2363–2371 (2004). doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.04.00210.1016/j.compscitech.2004.04.002 ↗
57. Ma, P.C., Siddiqui, N.A., Marom, G., Kim, J.K.: Dispersion and functionalization of carbon nanotubes for polymer-based nanocomposites: a review. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 41, 1345–1367 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.07.00310.1016/j.compositesa.2010.07.003 ↗
58. Sengupta, R., Bhattacharya, M.: A review on the mechanical and electrical properties of graphite and modified graphite reinforced polymer composites. Prog. Polym. 36, 638–670 (2010)10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.11.003 ↗
59. Prolongo, S.G., Jimenez-Suarez, A., Moriche, R., Ureña, A.: In-situ processing of epoxy composites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets. Compos. Sci. Technol. 86, 185–191 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.06.02010.1016/j.compscitech.2013.06.020 ↗
60. Hu, N., Karube, Y., Arai, M., Watanabe, T., Yan, C., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Fukunaga, H.: Investigation on sensitivity of a polymer/carbon nanotube composite strain sensor. Carbon N. Y. 48, 680–687 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2009.10.01210.1016/j.carbon.2009.10.012 ↗
61. Larijani, M.M., Khamse, E.J., Asadollahi, Z., Asadi, M.: Effect of aligned carbon nanotubes on electrical conductivity behaviour in polycarbonate matrix. Bull. Mater. Sci. 35, 305–311 (2012). doi: 10.1007/s12034-012-0299-110.1007/s12034-012-0299-1 ↗
62. Sharma, A., Tripathi, B., Vijay, Y.K.: Dramatic Improvement in properties of magnetically aligned CNT/polymer nanocomposites. J. Memb. Sci. 361, 89–95 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.06.00510.1016/j.memsci.2010.06.005 ↗
63. Kimura, T., Ago, H., Tobita, M., Ohshima, S., Kyotani, M., Yumura, M.: Polymer composites of carbon nanotubes aligned by a magnetic field. Adv. Mater. 14, 1380–1383 (2002). doi: 10.1002/1521-4095(20021002)14:193.0.CO;2-V10.1002/1521-4095(20021002)14:193.0.CO;2-V ↗
64. Bhardwaj, S., Cepek, C., Giorcelli, M., Tagliaferro, A.: Alignments of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix: a raman perspective. Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact. (2012). doi: 10.1080/1023666X.2012.70455910.1080/1023666X.2012.704559 ↗
65. Zhan, Y., Meng, F., Yang, X., Zhao, R., Liu, X.: Solvothermal synthesis and characterization of functionalized graphene sheets (FGSs)/magnetite hybrids. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 176, 1333–1339 (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2011.07.02310.1016/j.mseb.2011.07.023 ↗
66. Shi, D., He, P., Zhao, P., Guo, F.F., Wang, F., Huth, C., Chaud, X., Bud’Ko, S.L., Lian, J.: Magnetic alignment of Ni/Co-coated carbon nanotubes in polystyrene composites. Compos. Part B Eng 42, 1532–1538 (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.04.01410.1016/j.compositesb.2011.04.014 ↗
67. Jia, B., Gao, L., Sun, J.: Self-assembly of magnetite beads along multiwalled carbon nanotubes via a simple hydrothermal process. Carbon N. Y. 45, 1476–1481 (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2007.03.02510.1016/j.carbon.2007.03.025 ↗
68. Prolongo, S.G., Meliton, B.G., Del Rosario, G., Ureña, A.: New alignment procedure of magnetite-CNT hybrid nanofillers on epoxy bulk resin with permanent magnets. Compos. Part B Eng. 46, 166–172 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.10.00210.1016/j.compositesb.2012.10.002 ↗
69. Abdalla, M., Dean, D., Theodore, M., Fielding, J., Nyairo, E., Price, G.: Magnetically processed carbon nanotube/epoxy nanocomposites: morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties. Polymer (Guildf) 51, 1614–1620 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.05.05910.1016/j.polymer.2009.05.059 ↗
70. Martin, C.A., Sandler, J.K.W., Windle, A.H., Schwarz, M.K., Bauhofer, W., Schulte, K., Shaffer, M.S.P.: Electric field-induced aligned multi-wall carbon nanotube networks in epoxy composites. Polymer (Guildf) 46, 877–886 (2005). doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.08110.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.081 ↗
71. Li, W., Dichiara, A., Zha, J., Su, Z., Bai, J.: On improvement of mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of glass fabric/epoxy composites by incorporating CNT-Al2O3 hybrids. Compos. Sci. Technol. 103, 36–43 (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.08.01610.1016/j.compscitech.2014.08.016 ↗
72. Renteria, J., Legedza, S., Salgado, R., Balandin, M.P., Ramirez, S., Saadah, M., Kargar, F., Balandin, A.A.: Magnetically-functionalized self-aligning graphene fillers for high-efficiency thermal management applications. Mater. Des. 88, 214–221 (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.13510.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.135 ↗
73. Piao, G., Kimura, F., Takahashi, T., Moritani, Y., Awano, H., Nimori, S., Tsuda, K., Yonetake, K., Kimura, T.: Alignment and micropatterning of carbon nanotubes in polymer composites using modulated magnetic field. Polym. J. 39, 589–592 (2007). doi: 10.1295/polymj.PJ200619110.1295/polymj.PJ2006191 ↗
74. Sepioni, M.: Magnetic properties of graphene. University of Manchester, Manchester (2012). doi: 10.1002/smll10.1002/smll ↗
75. Wang, F., Drzal, L.T., Qin, Y., Huang, Z.: Mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of graphene nanoplatelet/epoxy composites. J. Mater. Sci. 50, 1082–1093 (2014). doi: 10.1007/s10853-014-8665-610.1007/s10853-014-8665-6 ↗
76. King, J.A., Klimek, D.R., Miskioglu, I., Odegard, G.M.: Mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelet/epoxy composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. (2012). doi: 10.1002/app.3864510.1002/app.38645 ↗
77. Manta, A., Gresil, M., Soutis, C.: Multi-scale finite element analysis of graphene/polymer nanocomposites: electrical perfomance. Appl. Compos, Mater (2016)
78. Sun, X., Ramesh, P., Itkis, M.E., Bekyarova, E., Haddon, R.C.: Dependence of the thermal conductivity of two-dimensional graphite nanoplatelet-based composites on the nanoparticle size distribution. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 22, 334216 (2010). doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/33/33421610.1088/0953-8984/22/33/334216 ↗