Geochemical perspective on the impact of clays and microalgae on changes in the molecular distribution of the Bujanovac peloid: A comparative study of natural versus laboratory-designed systems
Source abstract
Abstract
During the maturation of peloids, clay minerals significantly influence the (bio)geochemical transformations of organic matter (OM), promoting the production of beneficial lipid compounds that enhance their balneological value. This study investigated the impact of clay minerals on altering the OM composition of the Bujanovac peloid during a non-standard two-year aging period. In this context, variations in n-alkane, n-aldehyde, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) distributions were tracked using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, while the mineral phase was analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction. Maturation changes were monitored by examining the geological (pre-peloid) sample, as well as raw and applied peloids. Clay minerals played a catalytic role in the maturation process of the OM, in which the relative abundance of odd long-chain n-C27, n-C29, and n-C31 alkanes declined, followed by an increase in even mid-chain n-C24 alkane in the peloids' OM. The geological sample characterized the presence of C16–C32 FAMEs and the absence of n-aldehydes, whereas the raw and applied Bujanovac peloids were rich in even-chain n-aldehydes (C18–C32) and FAMEs. Even-numbered n-aldehydes were likely formed via the de-esterification of FAMEs and, later, the β-oxidation of free fatty acids. The study also explored the potential for creating a laboratory-designed microalgal peloid by tracking the enrichment of its OM with microalgal compounds. Microalgal n-alkanes dominated the soluble OM (SOM) in the laboratory-designed peloid. This outcome is anticipated since the SOM content of the Bujanovac peloid is roughly 135 times lower than that of microalgae. Regardless of the initial OM characteristics or the clay mineral phase, organic-poor peloids will be artificially enriched with microalgal compounds, thereby adjusting their potential application in wellness practices.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Therapeutic Uses of Natural Elements · Clay minerals and soil interactions
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (49)
Show source-provided references
1. Anaerobic metabolism of biodiesel and its impact on metal corrosion10.1021/ef100084j ↗
2. Leaf wax n-alkane distributions in and across modern plants: implications for paleoecology and chemotaxonomy10.1016/j.gca.2013.04.016 ↗
3. Clays in pelotherapy. A review. Part II: organic compounds, microbiology and medical applications10.1016/j.clay.2020.105531 ↗
4. Clays and human health
5. Mobility of elements in interaction between artificial sweat and peloids used in Spanish spas10.1016/j.clay.2010.02.016 ↗
6. Thermal mud maturation: organic matter and biological activity10.1111/ics.12204 ↗
7. Leaf epicuticular waxes10.1126/science.156.3780.1322 ↗
8. Physical properties of peloids prepared with medicinal mineral waters from Lanjarón Spa (Granada, Spain)10.1016/j.clay.2016.10.034 ↗
9. Peloids prepared with three mineral-medicinal waters from spas in Granada. Their suitability for use in pelotherapy10.1016/j.clay.2020.105969 ↗
10. Influence of water type and maturation time on the properties of kaolinite–saponite peloids10.1016/j.clay.2009.07.016 ↗
11. The powder diffraction file: a quality materials characterization database10.1017/S0885715619000812 ↗
12. Peloids and pelotherapy: historical evolution, classification and glossary10.1016/j.clay.2013.02.008 ↗
13. Distributions and stable carbon isotopic compositions of biomarkers in torbanites from different palaeogeographical locations10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00087-0 ↗
14. Adsorption of organic matter on clay minerals in the Dajiuhu peat soil chronosequence, South China10.1016/j.clay.2019.105125 ↗
15. Antibacterial effect of Cu2+-exchanged montmorillonite on Aeromonas hydrophila and discussion on its mechanism10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.04.021 ↗
16. Thermal alteration experiments on organic matter from recent marine sediments in relation to petroleum genesis10.1016/0016-7037(77)90052-7 ↗
17. Investigation of the catalytic effects of indigenous minerals in the pyrolysis of Aleksinac oil shale substrates: Steranes, triterpanes and triaromatic steroids in the pyrolysates10.1016/0146-6380(93)90082-M ↗
18. A conceptual model of organo-mineral interactions in soils: self-assembly of organic molecular fragments into zonal structures on mineral surfaces10.1007/s10533-007-9103-5 ↗
19. Kolattukudy · 1973 · 121
20. Pyrolysis behaviors of organic matter (OM) with the same alkyl main chain but different functional groups in the presence of clay minerals10.1016/j.clay.2017.12.028 ↗
21. Microalgal lipids: biochemistry and biotechnology10.1016/j.copbio.2021.10.018 ↗
22. Inorganic and organic characterization of Santa Lucía salt mine peloid for quality evaluations10.1007/s11356-019-04790-2 ↗
23. Microalgal Peloids for Cosmetic and Wellness Uses10.3390/md19120666 ↗
24. Peloids in skin care and cosmeceuticals10.3390/cosmetics11060202 ↗
25. Medicinal plants meeting with Mud: Phyto-Peloid
26. Maturation changes of hydrocarbons in solid parts of peloids from Serbian spas – catalytic influence of clay minerals10.2298/JSC240912099N ↗
27. Peters · 2005 · vol. 2
28. RS RHMZ · 2025
29. Changes in hydrocarbons and elemental distribution in peloids during maturation processes (Sečovlje Salina Nature Park Slovenia)10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165424 ↗
30. Geological heritage as a new kind of natural resource in the Siwa Oasis, Egypt: the first assessment, comparison to the Russian South, and sustainable development issues10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.04.008 ↗
31. Use of lipid biomarker patterns as a proxy of environmental variability in the coastal sedimentary record from the Gulf of Cádiz (SW Spain)10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.03.013 ↗
32. Environmental Aldehyde sources and the Health Implications of Exposure10.1007/978-981-13-6260-6_2 ↗
33. Differential effects of clay mineralogy on thermal maturation of sedimentary n-alkanes10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121572 ↗
34. Microbial communities involved in anaerobic degradation of unsaturated or saturated Long-Chain Fatty Acids10.1128/AEM.01723-06 ↗
35. Stolz · 1995
36. Suárez Muñoz, M., Martínez Villegas, N.V., González Hernández, P., Melián Rodríguez, C., Barrios Cossio, J., Hernández Díaz, R., Fagundo Catillo, J.R., Díaz Rizo, O., Díaz López, C., Pérez Gramatges, A., 2018. Identification of organic compounds in Cajío Peloid (Cuba). Rev. Int. de Contam. Ambient. 34, 121–127. Proceedings: 6th International Symposium on Sediment Management San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. Doi: 10.20937/2018.34.M6ISSM.10.20937/2018.34.M6ISSM ↗
37. Identification of Organic Compounds in San Diego de los Baños Peloid (Pinar del Río, Cuba)10.1089/acm.2009.0587 ↗
38. Microalgal fatty acid methyl ester a new source of bioactive compounds with anitimicrobial activity
39. Oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes to carboxylic acids via hydrogen atom transfer10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02188 ↗
40. Natural attenuation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in soil and groundwater10.1144/qjegh2016-130 ↗
41. Diatoms in thermal mud of Abano Terme, Italy, (maturation period)
42. Thermophilic microalgae growth on different substrates and at different temperatures in experimental tanks in Abano Therme (Italy)
43. Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils: mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions—a review10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00809.x ↗
44. White · 1968
45. Killer clays! Natural antibacterial clay minerals
46. Clay mineralogical and related characteristics of geophagic materials10.1023/A:1024262411676 ↗
47. Interactions between mineral phases in the preservation of soil organic matter10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.09.001 ↗
48. Microalgae lipid characterization10.1021/jf5050603 ↗
49. Potential of microalgal compounds in trending natural cosmetics: a review