Interactions between kaolinite and phosphinate-based flame retardant in Polyamide 6
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The interactions between kaolinite and a commercially available phosphinate-based flame retardant (Exolit® OP1311) were evaluated as flame retardant systems in Polyamide 6 (PA6). The thermal degradation and flammability of PA6 composites were studied by TGA and cone calorimeter tests. Characterizations were conducted using FTIR, EDX and XRD. Cone calorimeter results showed a reduction in peak heat release rate (pHRR) as a function of filler loading and type with a greater reduction for OP1311 containing composites. Interestingly, OP1311 can be partially substituted by kaolinite without detrimental effect on peak of release rate (pHRR) measured by cone calorimeter. FTIR, EDX and XRD analysis of cone calorimeter residues showed that kaolinite may trap some phosphorous compounds in condensed phase leading to the formation of a glassy structure on sample residue. To assess possible interactions between kaolinite and phosphinate, a controlled thermal degradation was carried out on kaolinite, OP1311 and kaolinite/OP1311 (50:50) blends. The residues were analyzed by EDX and XRD. Results showed that almost all phosphorous present in the initial sample remains in residue for Kaolinite/OP1311 blend versus only about 60% for OP1311 alone. Also, XRD results showed that during combustion, new crystalline phases can be formed in the sample when kaolinite is combined with OP1311. These results suggest that some interactions between both components may occur and could explain the observed fire behavior of the composites containing kaolinite and phosphinate.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Flame retardant materials and properties · Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties · Fire dynamics and safety research
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (50)
Show source-provided references
1. Mechanical and fire retardant properties of EVA/clay/ATH nanocomposites – effect of particle size and surface treatment of ATH filler10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.02.015 ↗
2. Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials10.1016/S0927-796X(00)00012-7 ↗
3. Investigation on flame retardancy of poly(ethylene terephthalate) for plastics and textiles by combination of an organo-modified sepiolite and Zn phosphinate10.1007/s12221-011-0166-5 ↗
4. Fire retardancy of ethylene vinyl acetate/ultrafine kaolinite composites10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.12.026 ↗
5. The influence of dispersion and distribution of ultrafine kaolinite in polyamide-6 on the mechanical properties and fire retardancy10.1016/j.clay.2015.07.034 ↗
6. Fire retardancy of polypropylene/kaolinite composites10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.05.003 ↗
7. Flame retardancy of nanocomposites based on organoclays and carbon nanotubes with aluminium trihydrate10.1002/pat.696 ↗
8. Flame retardant mechanisms of red phosphorus and magnesium hydroxide in high impact polystyrene10.1002/macp.200400255 ↗
9. Influence of the oxidation state of phosphorus on the decomposition and fire behaviour of flame-retarded epoxy resin composites10.1016/j.polymer.2006.10.022 ↗
10. Flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium phosphinate in combination with melamine polyphosphate and zinc borate in glass-fibre reinforced polyamide 6,610.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.05.007 ↗
11. Flame retardancy mechanisms of metal phosphinates and metal phosphinates in combination with melamine cyanurate in glass-fiber reinforced poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate): the influence of metal cation10.1002/pat.1147 ↗
12. Relation between structural disorder and other characteristics of kaolinites and dickites10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340303 ↗
13. Development of EVOH-kaolinite nanocomposites10.1016/j.polymer.2004.05.018 ↗
14. Chow · 2003
15. Influence of talc physical properties on the fire retarding behaviour of (ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer/magnesium hydroxide/talc) composites10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.12.010 ↗
16. An alternative way for the ignition times for solids with radiation absorption in-depth by simple asymptotic solutions10.1002/fam.1084 ↗
17. Magnesium hydroxide/zinc borate/talc compositions as flame-retardants in EVA copolymer10.1002/1097-0126(200010)49:10<1101::AID-PI523>3.0.CO;2-5 ↗
18. In-depth radiative heat transmittance through polypropylene/nanoclay composites10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.02.003 ↗
19. Interlayer bonding in kaolinite, Dickite and Nacrite10.1346/CCMN.1973.0210302 ↗
20. Novel polyamide nanocomposites based on silicate nanotubes of the mineral halloysite10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.10.011 ↗
21. Synergistic flame retardant effects between sepiolite and magnesium hydroxide in ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix10.3144/expresspolymlett.2010.29 ↗
22. Flame retardant mechanism of polyamide 6-clay nanocomposites10.1016/j.polymer.2003.11.036 ↗
23. Relation between the viscoelastic and flammability properties of polymer nanocomposites10.1016/j.polymer.2008.07.054 ↗
24. Fire retardant systems in poly(methyl methacrylate): interactions between metal oxide nanoparticles and phosphinates10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.09.011 ↗
25. Flame retardant polypropylene through the joint action of sepiolite and polyamide 610.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.07.018 ↗
26. Comparison of the mechanical properties and interfacial interactions between talc, kaolin, and calcium carbonate filled polypropylene composites10.1002/app.13542 ↗
27. Mechanistic study of combustion performance and thermal decomposition behaviour of nylon 6 with added halogen free fire retardants10.1016/S0141-3910(96)00046-8 ↗
28. Mechanism of action of phsphorous-based flame retardants in nylon 6. III. Ammonium Polyphosphate/Manganese Dioxide10.1002/(SICI)1099-1018(199607)20:4<183::AID-FAM574>3.0.CO;2-W ↗
29. Mechanisms of action in flame retardant reinforced nylon 610.1016/S0141-3910(96)00063-8 ↗
30. Effect of melamine and its salts on combustion and thermal decomposition of polyamide 610.1002/(SICI)1099-1018(199703)21:2<75::AID-FAM597>3.0.CO;2-P ↗
31. Thermal decomposition of aliphatic nylons10.1002/(SICI)1097-0126(199907)48:7<532::AID-PI214>3.0.CO;2-R ↗
32. Pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00096-2 ↗
33. Screening flame retardants for plastics using microscale combustion calorimetry10.1002/pen.20871 ↗
34. The mechanical properties of platelet reinforced composites10.1016/0020-7683(90)90037-V ↗
35. Thermal treatment of kaolin clay to obtain metakaolin10.2298/HEMIND100322014I ↗
36. Thermal degradation behavior of polyamide 6/clay nanocomposites10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00061-2 ↗
37. Kinetics and mechanism of three stages of thermal transformation of kaolinite to metakaolinite10.1016/j.powtec.2014.05.047 ↗
38. On flame retardancy in polycaprolactam composites by aluminium diethylphosphinate and melamine polyphosphate in conjunction with organically modified montmorillonite nanoclay10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.03.020 ↗
39. Interaction of a phosphorus-based FR, a nanoclay and PA6. Part 2: interaction of the complete PA6 polymer nanocomposites
40. Thermal decomposition of flame retarded formulations PA6/aluminum phosphinate/melamine polyphosphate/organomodified clay: interactions between the constituents?10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.08.004 ↗
41. Study on the combustion behavior of high impact polystyrene nanocomposites produced by different extrusion processes10.3144/expresspolymlett.2008.69 ↗
42. Development of fire-retarded materials—interpretation of cone calorimeter data10.1002/fam.949 ↗
43. Fire retardancy of polypropylene/flax blends10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00692-X ↗
44. Pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter: a tool to assess flame retarded PC/ABS materials?10.1016/j.tca.2007.05.021 ↗
45. Combining cone calorimeter and PCFC to determine the mode of action of flame-retardant additives10.1002/pat.1989 ↗
46. Influence of a treated kaolinite on the thermal degradation and flame retardancy of poly(methyl methacrylate)10.1016/j.clay.2012.09.013 ↗
47. Nanocomposites of polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends based on three different nanoclays: thermal stability and flame retardancy
48. Current practice and recent commercial developments in flame retardancy of polyamides10.1177/0734904104040546 ↗
49. Synergistic effects of sepiolite on the flame retardant properties and thermal degradation behaviors of polyamide 66/aluminum diethylphosphinate composites10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.03.018 ↗
50. Zhang · 2008 · 960