Synthesis of hectorite–TiO2 and kaolinite–TiO2 nanocomposites with photocatalytic activity for the degradation of model air pollutants

We studied the synthesis and photocatalytic activity of small-sized TiO{sub 2} supported on hectorite and kaolinite. Deposition of TiO{sub 2} on the clay mineral surface was conducted by using a sol-gel method with titanium isopropoxide as precursor. Anatase TiO{sub 2} particles formation was achieved by hydrothermal treatment at 180 C. Material characterization was conducted using XRD, SEM, XPS, ICP-OES, BET and porosimetry analysis. Efficiency in synthesizing clay-TiO{sub 2} composites depended strongly on the clay mineral structure. Incorporation of anatase in hectorite, an expandable clay mineral, was found to be very significant (> 36 wt.% Ti) and to be followed by important structural changes at the clay mineral surface. Instead, no major structural modifications of the clay were observed for kaolinite-TiO{sub 2}, as compared with the untreated material. Photocatalytic performance of clay-TiO{sub 2} composites was evaluated with ATR-FTIR following the oxidation of adsorbed toluene and d-limonene, two model air pollutants. In either case, the photocatalytic removal efficiency of these hydrophobic substrates by the synthesized clay-TiO{sub 2} composites was comparable to that observed using pure commercial TiO{sub 2} (Degussa P25).