Evaluating rotary and static calcination processes for montmorillonite marl: Pozzolanic properties, compressive strength, and cementitious paste characteristics
Source abstract
Abstract
Marls, widely available globally, are under research as supplementary cementitious materials. This study investigated metamontmorillonite reactivity and optimal calcination temperatures. The complex composition of marls, including minerals like montmorillonite and dolomite alongside chemical oxides such as CaO and MgO, posed challenges in determining the ideal calcination temperature. Material transformations at varying temperatures were tracked using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Comparative analysis of static and rotary kilns evaluated mortar compressive strength after 28 days, determining suitable replacement levels and the best calcination temperature. The study determined that calcination at 850 °C maximized pozzolanic reactivity, resulting in the formation of β-C 2 S. Static furnace calcination showed a slight advantage over rotary kiln. Mortar with 30% calcined marl replacement at water: binder ratio (W/B = 0.45) exhibited the highest compressive strength. Hydration analysis revealed the formation of calcium carboaluminate and hydrotalcite hydrates, with Al/Si = 0.18 composition.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Concrete and Cement Materials Research · Clay minerals and soil interactions · Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (52)
Show source-provided references
1. Industrial calcination of kaolinitic clays to make reactive pozzolans
2. Pozzolanic reactivity of low grade kaolinitic clays: Influence of calcination temperature and impact of calcination products on OPC hydration10.1016/j.clay.2015.01.028 ↗
3. Waste rock reprocessing to enhance the sustainability of phosphate reserves: a critical review10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135151 ↗
4. Characterization of white Portland cement hydration and the CSH structure in the presence of sodium aluminate by 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.10.009 ↗
5. Cement and Concrete Research Cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and limestone10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.09.006 ↗
6. ASTM · 2021 · 04 · 7
7. ASTMC39/C39M-18 · 2018
8. Investigation of the calcined kaolinite content on the hydration of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3)10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.016 ↗
9. Report of RILEM TC 267-TRM phase 2: optimization and testing of the robustness of the R3 reactivity tests for supplementary cementitious materials10.1617/s11527-022-01928-6 ↗
10. Use of phosphate mine by-products as supplementary cementitious materials10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.619 ↗
11. Using calcined marls as non-common supplementary cementitious materials—a critical review
12. Assessment of hydration, strength, and microstructure of three different grades of calcined marls derived from phosphate by-products
13. Enhancing Reactivity of Calcined Clays for Sustainable Cement Production through Optimization of Rotary Kiln Parameters
14. Substitution of natural clay by Moroccan solid mining wastes to manufacture fired bricks10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.211 ↗
15. Sustainable utilization of phosphate mine waste rocks as sand substitutes in cement mortar production10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136949 ↗
16. Phosphate waste rocks recycling in ceramic wall tiles: Technical performances10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.06.272 ↗
17. Calcined clay – Limestone cements: Hydration processes with high and low-grade kaolinite clays10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122271 ↗
18. Calcined clay – Limestone cements: Hydration processes with high and low-grade kaolinite clays10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122271 ↗
19. Geological and geomechanical characterization of phosphate Mine Waste Rock in View of their potential Civil applications: a Case Study of the Benguerir Mine Site, Morocco10.3390/min13101291 ↗
20. Calcareous smectite clay as a pozzolanic alternative to kaolin
21. Performance of mortar incorporating calcined marine clays with varying kaolinite content10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124513 ↗
22. Elaboration of a blended binder based on marls from phosphate mines waste rocks
23. The origin of the pozzolanic activity of calcined clay minerals: a comparison between kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.09.013 ↗
24. Physically and chemically bound chlorides in hydrated cement pastes: a comparison study of the effects of silica fume and metakaolin10.1007/s10853-018-2953-5 ↗
25. Clay calcination technology: state-of-the-art review by the RILEM TC 282-CCL10.1617/s11527-021-01807-6 ↗
26. Carboaluminate phases formation during the hydration of calcite-containing Portland cement10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04201.x ↗
27. 2H and 27Al solid-State NMR Study of the Local Environments in Al-Doped 2-Line Ferrihydrite, Goethite, and Lepidocrocite10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00856 ↗
28. Sustainable phosphate mining: Enhancing efficiency in mining and pre-beneficiation processes10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120833 ↗
29. Sustainable concrete performance—CO2-emission10.3390/environments5020027 ↗
30. Influence of limestone on the hydration of Portland cements10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.01.002 ↗
31. Formation of CSH and MSH gels in alkali-activated materials based on marl by-products from phosphate mines10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.130029 ↗
32. Use of 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR to study thermal activation of kaolinites from Brazilian Amazon kaolin wastes10.1016/j.clay.2013.10.028 ↗
33. Mineralogical characterization and reactivity test of common clays suitable as supplementary cementitious material10.1016/j.clay.2021.105990 ↗
34. Mechanisms of cement hydration
35. Hydration, shrinkage, and durability of ternary binders containing Portland cement, limestone filler and metakaolin10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.138 ↗
36. Strength development of ternary blended cement with limestone filler and blast-furnace slag
37. Performances of compressed stabilized bricks using phosphate waste rock for sustainable construction10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131577 ↗
38. Influence of dispersing agents on the rheology and early heat of hydration of blended cements with high loading of calcined marl10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.04.007 ↗
39. A comprehensive study on the synthesis and characterization of eco-cementitious binders using different kind of industrial wastes for sustainable development
40. Østnor · 2014 · 26
41. Fired brick production using phosphogypsum and phosphate mining waste10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133149 ↗
42. Al and 29 Si solid-state NMR characterization of calcium10.1021/ic202124x ↗
43. Self-reactivity of a calcined palygorskite-bearing marlstone for potential use as supplementary cementitious material10.1016/j.clay.2021.106372 ↗
44. Assessment of the Environmental Performance of Blended Cements from a Life Cycle Perspective: a Systematic Review10.1016/j.spc.2022.12.010 ↗
45. The nature of CSH in hardened cements10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00168-4 ↗
46. An advance understanding of the alkali activation of cover layers waste rocks from phosphate mines: Mechanical, structure and microstructure studies10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128472 ↗
47. Calcined clay limestone cements (LC3)10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.017 ↗
48. Quantification of calcium silicate phases in Portland cements by 29 Si MAS NMR spectroscopy10.1039/ft9959104423 ↗
49. Basic creep of limestone–calcined clay cements: an experimental and numerical approach10.1016/j.tafmec.2019.102270 ↗
50. Effect of CaMg(CO3)2 on hydrate assemblages and mechanical properties of hydrated cement pastes at 40 °c and 60 °c10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.07.002 ↗
51. Free water effect on the dynamic compressive properties of mortar10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.103933 ↗
52. Reactivity of kaolinitic clays calcined in the 650 °C–1050 °C temperature range: Towards a robust assessment of overcalcination