Halloysite nanotubes in biomedical applications: Recent approaches and future trends

In recent decades, nanomaterials have become an integral part of biomedical research. Halloysite nanotube (Hal) is one of the important nanomaterials, which has a key role in biomedical applications. Hal forms hydrogen bonds with biomaterials through siloxane and aluminol groups on the top of its surface. The wide range of Hal applications is attributed to its special properties, such as tubular structure, high porosity, excellent biocompatibility, good mechanical and thermal properties, high surface-to-volume ratio, and a high potential for controlled drug release. In this review, we summarize the main properties and characteristics of Hals and describe their biomedical applications in bone repair, wound healing, biosensors, drug carrier, and tissue engineering. Finally, we note the trend, future, and prospective applications of Hals in the biomedical field.