Effects of sodium carbonate addition, heat and agitation on swelling and rheological behavior of Ca-bentonite colloidal dispersions
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Abstract
Abstract The effects of the addition of sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) and the subsequent simultaneous heating and stirring on the rheological behavior of Ca-bentonite colloidal dispersions have been investigated in this study. Ca-bentonite dispersions were treated with Na 2 CO 3 at various ratios (2, 4, 12 g/100 g bentonite), and then subjected to heating and stirring for variable periods. It was found that the swelling and the viscosity of the treated bentonite samples increased with increasing Na 2 CO 3 content and the optimal Na 2 CO 3 level (relative to the bentonite content) was found to be 4 g/100 g of Ca-bentonite (4%). The results also showed that simultaneous heating and stirring enhanced the bentonite swelling and ion exchange processes for sodium activation. The rheological properties of the Ca-bentonite suspensions depend on the strength of the bentonite gel structure and the inter-particle interactions. Although the treated and untreated bentonite samples showed gel and solid-like behavior in the linear viscoelastic region (LVR), the region where the storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli are independent of applied strain and/or stress, the G′ values of the Na 2 CO 3 treated bentonite samples were higher than those of untreated samples. All bentonite samples (whether Na 2 CO 3 treated or untreated) showed more elastic than viscous response (i.e., G′ > G″) within the LVR. The results showed that bentonite dispersions treated with 4% Na 2 CO 3 displayed the highest elastic behavior. The relationship between zeta potential and pH for the untreated and Na 2 CO 3 treated Ca-bentonite dispersions were investigated. Bentonite colloids were stable in the examined range of pH (3 − 12); such wide pH range stability is essential for many industrial applications. Finally, the effect of heat treatment on the swelling behavior of 4% Na 2 CO 3 treated bentonite dispersions was extracted from particle size measurements using a laser scattering particle size analyser. The results showed that the particle size increased with the combined heating and stirring treatment for the first 3 h then remained constant. This increase in particle size is likely due to improved swelling and the existence of some of weak particle-particle interactions bentonite (aggregates).
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Research context
OpenAlex topics: Clay minerals and soil interactions · Soil and Unsaturated Flow · Grouting, Rheology, and Soil Mechanics
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